Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management - Essay Example Typically low cost leadership and differentiation strategies are implemented independently. The reason this occurs is because the two strategies have a different focus. A low leadership strategy persuades customers by offering the best price. Everyone loves to purchase a bargain. The implementation of a low cost leadership strategy can be used by corporations in order to increase their market share. The differentiation strategy is different because since the firm wants to become different in some aspect this typically implies offering a premium product. Products that are differentiated can be sold at higher prices in the marketplace. Despite the differences between the cost leadership strategy and a differentiation strategy it is possible to implement both simultaneously. Companies that are able to implement a cost leadership with differentiation are using a hybrid strategy. It is difficult to achieve, but under certain circumstances the hybrid strategy can be used. A perfect example of a company that can achieve a cost leadership with differentiation is a firm that operates in a monopoly marketplace. The lack of competition gives the monopolist lead way into the price structure that the firm implements. An important thing to remember about cost leadership is that the lower prices are relative to the market for similar products.

Visitation to a Womans Health Facility Assignment

Visitation to a Womans Health Facility - Assignment Example It also offers sex education to these women. Planned Parenthood has an experience of more than 100 years in promoting the health and well being of women (Parenthood, 2014). Furthermore, it is guided by the principle that everybody has a right and duty to make an independent and informed decision about family planning, sex, and their health. Boro Hall Centre is part of the Planned Parenthood clinics. The vision of the health care organization is to help people make informed decisions about their sexuality, family planning, and health care. Most of its target customers are women. Because the health care organization operates in virtually all the states of America, serving a diverse community, the following are the mission of the health care organization (Johnson and Lambert, 2010), The main leaders of the organization are women. The Chairman of the entire organization is Alexis McGill Johnson. She has extensive experience in the fields of academia, social activism, and politics. She greatly understands the opportunities and challenges that Planned Parenthood faces, as a health care institution, and fundraising organization. She has an interest in improving the lives of young women. This is by making it possible for them to have an access to quality and affordable health care. Ms Cecile Richards is the head of the organization, and she is responsible for rolling out programs aimed at catering for the health care needs of women (Johnson and Lambert, 2010). Most of the visitors at the Boro Hall are women, and teenage girls. The Boro Hall facility gives advice to women on the better family planning services available to them. The organization further carries out pregnancy tests, and it has delivery units, where pregnant women are allowed to deliver. This center also provides educational services. This is with the aim of teaching teens and young women on relationships, sex, and sexuality (Johnson and

Nanotechnology based Drug Delivery Systems

Nanotechnology based Drug Delivery Systems Richard Chen Introduction In the past century, nanotechnology has been a prominent theme for many science fiction writers. However, thanks to recent developments in chemistry and manufacturing, we are now able to bring things that were once unimaginable into fruition. The field of nanotechnology refers to the research, development and the production of materials under the size of 100 nanometers (nm). Over the past decade, the scientific community has experienced a boom in the research and development of nanotechnology. New technologies are being released with thousands of dollars of funding behind them. In this paper, the benefits, disadvantages, applications, governmental policies and recommendations of nanotech based drug delivery will be discussed. Overview At the forefront of the nanotechnology revolution lies in the field of nanomedical drug delivery. Nanomedical drug delivery is the concept of using minute nanomaterials (NM) to act as carrier substances for drugs. These nanocarriers will then be injected into the bloodstream and deposit drugs at specific cells. Compared to conventional drugs which target on a macro scale, nanocarriers are able to target on the micro scale, leaving neighbouring healthy cells unharmed. This precision will ultimately lead to benefits such as reduced drug dosages and reduced side effects. When tested in the lab, these particles have shown a high degree of success within lab animals. Currently, several forms of suitable nanocarriers exist. The most prevalent ones include nanocrystals, various forms of organic nanoplatforms (such as liposomes) and inorganic platforms, such as gold nanoparticles. Next, the benefits of nanotechnology will be discussed. Benefits Nanotechnology based drug delivery systems are able to deliver a wide range of benefits to the human body, increase the effectiveness of conventional drugs and eliminate the short falls of conventional methods. As mentioned before, nanocarriers are able to target specific cancerous cells while leaving healthy cells alone. The cause of this phenomenon is attributed to the enhanced Permeability and retention effect (EPR). (Bamrungsap, et al, 2012) Molecules who possess the EPR property have a tendency to accumulate at specific cancerous cells, leaving normal healthy cells largely alone. Indirectly, EPR can be attributed to a reduction in drug dosage, reduced side effect intensity, enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity. (Bamrungsap et al, 2012) Another benefit of nanocarriers compared to conventional drugs is that their physical properties such as size, surface area, and functionality can be easily modifiable. This is seen nanocarriers based on liposomes. In addition to being easily mo difiable, liposomes are known for their ability to reduce side effects, toxicity and reducing drug clearance. (Bamrungsap et al, 2012) Nanocarriers are also able to be adapted to release drugs depending on environmental triggers. These environmental triggers can vary from physical (temperature), chemical or biological signals. Commonly seen in polymeric nanoparticles, this property allows drugs to remain inert unless they are activated by an environmental trigger. Hence, they only activate when they are required. (Bamrungsap et al, 2012) Nanoparticles such as gold nanocarriers are able to act as drug â€Å"reservoir† (Bamrungsap et al, 2012). This allows drugs to have a slow release into the targeted area. Finally, nanocarriers such as liposomes have the ability to isolate drugs away from the environment. This allows for more efficient drug delivery as the drug will not be carried away by other bodily fluids. (Bamrungsap et al, 2012) Through the application of nanotechnologic al drug delivery, we can expect to see difficult to treat diseases such as cancer to be significantly less invasive, more tolerable, and more treatable to the patient. In turn, with better survival prospects for the world’s number 4 most deadly disease, (WHO, 2014) we could expect to see a sizable increase in the average human lifespan. In the next session, the risks and disadvantages of nanotechnology will be discussed. Risks/Disadvantages Despite nanotechnology being vastly beneficial to the individual and society, there are extreme risks involved with every new technology. Nanotechnological based drug carriers are no exception. In recent years, with the rapid development of nanotechnology, the field of nanotoxicology has also developed in order to study the toxicity of nanoparticles toward organisms. (Bamrungsap et al, 2012) Nanoparticles differ greatly from the largely harmless micron sized particles. Nanoparticles have been linked to changed body distributions and triggering of blood clots. In addition, nanoparticles have been linked to more traditional particle related illnesses such as inflammation and lung cancer. However, nanoparticles are significantly more difficult to remove from the body and can also cause mitochondrial damage, platelet aggression, and cardiovascular diseases. (Jong Borm, 2008) In addition to broad nanoparticle risks, various other nanoparticles also have concerns regarding their safety. One such concern is the potential for cadmium containing quantum dots to release free Cd2+ ions. (Jong Borm, 2008)These ions have been linked to large amounts of cell death when in vitro studies. Another concern is the possibility for Cationic nanoparticles (gold and polystyrene) to cause hemolysis, blood clotting and colon carcinoma in lab rats. Anionic nanoparticles, in contrast, are not known to be toxic. When in high doses, both Anionic and Cationic nanoparticles are both poisonous to the blood brain barrier (BBB). (Jong Borm, 2008) Similar to cationic and anionic particles, some forms of silica would result in a reduction of cell viability while other forms of silica are rendered to be non-toxic. (Jong Borm, 2008) Other potentially poisonous nanoparticles include carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and Dendrimers. (Jong Borm, 2008) It is clear that no two nanoparticles have the same properties. Hence, it is key for researchers to analyze each nanoparticle on a case-by-case basis. The final concern is the ability for nanoparticles to contaminate the environment. Owing to their small size, nanoparticles are exceedingly difficult to remove. When nanoparticles are introduced into the water supply, their behavior is relatively unknown. (Wrigth, n.d.). However, nanoparticles do have the tendency to bond with water molecules and porus media. They resist removal when industrial purification is used and whey deposited in soil, they tend to attract other nanoparticles towards them. This is likely to cause marine die offs due to them ingesting toxic nanoparticles. In addition, some studies have shown that the at certain pH levels, there is increased nanoparticle deposition levels. When nanoparticles enter the air, they behave similar to gasses. They rapidly disperse causing a wide area of contamination. When inhaled in, these particles behave very similarly to how asbestos behaves in the lungs. (Wrigth, n.d.) Hence, before nanotechnology can be widely introduced, extens ive testing should be conducted to mitigate any potential risks involved. Current and Future Applications Currently, nanocarriers are still considered to be in their infancy. They are too unstable for use and their behavior in humans is also completely unknown. Despite that, in the near future, nanocarriers will be capable of treating a great deal of human ailments with minimal invasiveness. For example, nanocarriers that are coated with the membrane of a red blood cell will be able to circulate around the body for a longer time. (2 days) (Boysen, n.d.) This longer time will provide the nanoparticle more time to attach to cancerous cells. Another application of nanocarriers is to use nano-sized silicon wafers and allowing the wafer to lodge inside the tumor. UV light is then focused upon the tumor, activating the silicon wafers, effectively killing tumor cells. (Roberts, n.d.) Another application for nanoparticles is for treating heart disease. Nanocarriers are able to attach to damaged arteries and apply drugs specifically to that area. Finally, nanotechnology is able to treat for diabe tes by releasing insulin depending on environmental triggers. (Boysen, n.d.) Perhaps what could be considered to be the holy grail of nanocarriers is the passage through the BBB. Passage through this barrier means access to the brain. With this passage, treatment for brain tumors can be less invasive and neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia and ALS could potentially have a cure in sight. (Jong Borm, 2008) Governmental Regulation Currently, in Canada, the development of nanotechnology falls under the regulation of 6 legislations. These regulations are: Canadian Environmental Protection Act Food and Drugs Act Food additive Regulations Medical devices Regulations Natural Health products Regulations Cosmetic Regulations (Government of Canada, 2014) The supervision of the use and production of nanoparticles falls under the responsibility of Health Canada and Environment Canada. The role of Environment Canada is to evaluate the ecological impact a nanoparticle will have while Health Canada is responsible for evaluating the risks a particle has on human health. (Government of Canada, 2014) A regulatory framework for Nanoparticles does not exist as of right now. However, a 2-phase plan is currently being discussed. The first phase of the plan involves the continued partnership with various international organizations such as ISO and OECD to create a standardization. This phase also involves the notification of the public and various industries. Simultaneously, Voluntary information and mandatory information submission will occur. The purpose of this is to build a strong framework on the development of nanotechnology. During voluntary information submission, information is remains confidential under section 313 of the CEPA. If manda tory information submission were to occur, they would fall under the jurisdiction of sections 46 and 71. These require the company to not only submit the required documents but also to answer potential questions to the best of their ability. Finally, legislative amendments will be made the CEPA in order to suit nanotechnology better (Environment Canada,Health Canada, 2007). In phase 2, the adoption international standardizations will occur. ISO/TC 229 will be applied into law. In addition, monitoring for Significant New activities will occur. (sNAC) a sNAC is defined as â€Å"a significantly greater quantity or concentration of the substance in the environment† or a significantly different manner or circumstances of exposure to the substance† (Environment Canada,Health Canada, 2007). If any substance meets this criteria, they would be deemed as toxic under CEPA 1999. The current regulations in place are evidently not enough for the rapidly developing nature of nanotechn ology. However, if the framework is implemented, (in addition to the recommendations of ISOTC 229) it should be meet all the demands of nanotechnology satisfactorily. On the international level, there are several organizations in charge of overseeing the development of nanotechnology. One such group is the OECN working party on nanotechnology. This group is in charge of addressing the political, scientific, technological, and innovation related aspects of nanotechnology. (Government of Canada, 2014) Another group is the OECD working party Manufactured Nanomaterials. This group is responsible for addressing issues of health and environmental impact caused by the manufacture of nanomaterials. (Government of Canada, 2014) Finally, the International organization for standards Technical Commission (ISO/TC) is responsible for developing a set of nomenclature specific to nanomaterials. This is done under the bill ISOTC 229. Addressing the problem of nomenclature will identify gaps in knowledge and identify the need to invest more in nanotechnology. In addition, ISOTC 229 will make it easier to facilitate the exchange of legal documents regarding nanomate rials. (ISO/TC, 2011) Public Perception Public perception is currently a key factor in the acceptance of nanotechnology in society. Currently, it is assumed that the average civilian has low knowledge of nanotechnology. In surveys conducted by the Woodrow Wilson in 2006, 42% respondents said that they did not know anything about nanotechnology. When the same study was conducted again in 2009, 37% of respondents indicated no knowledge of nanotechnology. In contrast, 24-31% of respondents indicated a high degree of knowledge in nanotechnology. (Besley, 2010) In another study, the majority of respondents chose â€Å"[nanotechnological] benefits outweigh the risks† between 3 choices. The other two choices were â€Å"benefits will equal the risks† and â€Å"risks outweigh the benefits†. (Besley, 2010) Contrary to many new technologies, nanotechnology has been reported in a positive light in the press. Studies done in 2004 have shown that the technological benefits of nanotechnology have been more frequently reported. The risks and disadvantages have been shown to be rarely reported. (Besley, 2010) Cost As with any new technology, the initial costs are expected to be high. However, as mass production occurs and inefficiencies in the production like are smoothened out, it can be assumed that the price of nanocarriers will drop drastically. According to the United States National Nanological Initiative, the impact of nanotechnologies is expected to reach a $2.4 billion by 2015. (National Nanotechnological Initiative, n.d.) Conclusion As evidenced from this paper, the benefits of nanotechnological are substantial. In the near future, they can developed to treat cancer and can potentially treat incurable diseases such as dementia with direct cell targeting. However, the risks of such new technologies cannot be ignored. As stated before, nanocarriers have been directly related to be toxic towards biological organisms. In addition to several risks, a lack of legislation and international standardization causes the development of nanoparticles to be unregulated. However, this is no reason to stop the development of nanotechnology. In contrast, this is a reason to invest even more into the field of nanotechnological based drug delivery to see what the future unlocks. Although there currently are several side effects associated with then, it is important to keep in mind that this field is in its infancy. With correct government legislation and support, drug delivery based nanotechnology can yield great benefits, ultimat ely extending the human lifespan and raising the human standard of living. Works Cited Bamrungsap, S., Zhao, Z., Chen, T., Wang, L., Tan, W. (2012). Nanoparticles as a drug delivery system [Medical Journal]. Retrieved September 24, 2014, from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/770397_1 Besley, J. (2010). Current research on public perceptions of nanotechnology. Emerging Health Threats Journal, 3(e8). Boysen, E. (n.d.). Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery. Retrieved September 24, 2014, from http://www.understandingnano.com/nanotechnology-drug-delivery.html Environment Canada,Health Canada. (2007, September 10). Proposed regulatory framework for nanomaterials under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999. Retrieved September 27, 2014, from http://www.ec.gc.ca/subsnouvelles-newsubs/default.asp?lang=Enn=FD117B60-1 Government of Canada. (2014, August 19). NanoPortal Regulation and Standards. Retrieved September 27, 2014, from http://nanoportal.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=Enn=23410d1f-1 ISO/TC. (2011, December 1). Nanotechnologies. ISO/TC. Retrieved from http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/fetch/2000/2122/687806/ISO_TC_229__Nanotechnologies_.pdf?nodeid=6507632vernum=-2 Jong, W., Borm, P. (2008, June). Drug delivery and nanoparticles: Applications and hazards [Medical Journal]. Retrieved September 24, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2527668/ Laurie Roberts. (n.d.). Nanoparticle Technology in Cancer Care. Retrieved from http://www.ele.uri.edu/courses/bme281/F09/LaurieR_1.pdf National Nanotechnological Initiative. (n.d.). Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved September 27, 2014, from http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/nanotechnology-facts WHO. (2014, May). The top 10 causes of death. Retrieved September 27, 2014, from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/ Wrigth, J. (n.d.). Nanomedicine: Small Particles, Big Concerns | Honors Journal | CU-Boulder. Retrieved September 24, 2014, from http://www.colorado.edu/honorsjournal/content/nanomedicine-small-particles-big-concerns

Classifying Rocks Essay -- Geology Geological Rock Essays Papers

Classifying Rocks   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rocks are classified to make it easier on people to identify them in the future. This can be done by a numerous amount of ways. Each rock type has their own specific ways, but there are two distinct characteristics that apply to all. These are texture and composition. These two, along with many others helps to classify igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Igneous rocks are classified first by texture. This is broken down mainly into grain size. First there are intrusive, or plutonic igneous rocks. These types of rocks cool within the crust and forms large, visible crystals. The opposite would be extrusive, or volcanic rocks. These cool at the surface rapidly, forming small grains. A combination of the two would be porphyritic, large grains in an aphanitic, or extrusive matrix. Secondly, composition is used to classify igneous rocks. There are four types, ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, and felsic. Ultramafic rocks are very dark and contain and extreme amount of iron and magnesium. Mafic rocks are also dark in color; they too contain high iron and magnesium amounts. An example would be olivine, or pyroxene. Intermediate igneous rocks are made from silica and plagioclase. They tend to be grays and browns in color. Finally, felsic socks are light in color and contains high amounts of silica. Quartz and potassium feld spar are examples of felsic igneous rocks. Other types of rocks are classified similarly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sedimentary rocks form...

Jerry Character Analysis from Chocolate War

Jerry's perseverance keeps him from selling the chocolates every day and giving up. First, when Jerry finds everything in his locker in shreds and does not give up and sell the chocolates, he shows his perseverance by not giving in and selling the chocolates. Instead of giving up instantly and going along with everyone else is doing, Jerry stays with it and does not give up, showing perseverance. Second, when Jerry was beat up by the school bully, Emile Janza, because Jerry is not selling chocolates, he also shows his perseverance by continuing to refuse the chocolates.Jerry shows his perseverance again because he does not sell the chocolate even though everyone in school wants him to. Third, when Jerry is at football practice and is brought to the ground again and again but continues to â€Å"rise to his feet† (1) again, Jerry proves his perseverance by getting up again and giving it another go instead of. With perseverance, Jerry does not give up and gives it another go inst ead of giving up right then. Similarly, Jerry's defiance also keeps him from selling the chocolates and defying authorities.First, when all of the strange things like prank phone calls and people outside his house happen to Jerry, his reactions are defiant. Jerry shows defiance because he feels that he does not need anyone's help and can get all of the chocolate business out of the way himself with no one's assistance. Second, when Jerry would say, â€Å"‘Because I don't want to'† (163), whenever asked why he does not sell chocolates, Jerry shows his defiance by not telling anyone the reason why he does not sell the chocolates no matter what anyone tells him.Instead of giving everyone a real, straight answer, he would defy anyone who asked that question. In the end, Jerry is defeated by the entire school in many different ways. First, when Jerry boxes against Emile Janza and gets completely beat down, Jerry shows that he has been defeated. Jerry is defeated because he i s beaten in a boxing match and he has gotten beat up. Second, after the boxing match and when Jerry starts to think â€Å"sell whatever [the school] wants you to sell† (248), Jerry feels defeated because everything he has done against the chocolate sale has led to nothing.He is defeated because he goes through everything that he went through without a reward or even a significant remembrance of that year's chocolate sale. In conclusion, Jerry Renault's defiance and perseverance help resist the chocolates until the end when he is overcome by the students and finally becomes convinced to sell the chocolates. Work Cited Cormier, Robert. The Chocolate War. 1974. New York: Random House, 1997.

Antivirus Programs: Methods and Benefits Essay

Today, people rely on to create, store, and manage critical information, many times via a home computer network information transmited over networks has a higher degree of security risk than information kept in a user’s home or company premises. Thus, it is crucial that they take measures to protect their computers and data from loss, damage, and misuse resulting from computer security risks. Antiirus program are an effective way to protect a computer against viruses. An antivirus program protects a computer against viruses by identifying and removing any computer viruses found in memory, ontorage media, or on incoming files. ! When you purchase a new computer, it often includes antivirus software . antivirus program work by scanning for programs that attempt to modify the boot program, the operating system, and other programs that normally are includes antivirus software . antivirus program work by scanning for programs that attempt to modify the boot program, the operating system, and other programs that normally are read from but not modified. In addition, many antivirus programs automatically scan files (Bulowski) (Bulowski) (Bulowski, Protection and Precaution Keeping Your computer Healthy, 2008)download from the web, e-mail attachment, opended files, and all types of remoble media inserted in the computer (karanos 201 – 205) One technique that antivirus programs use indentify a virus is to look for virus signatures, or virus definitions, which are known specific patterns of virus code. According to Shelly and Cashman (Antivirus Programs), many vendors of antivirus programs allow registered users to update virus signarure files automatically from the Web at no cost for a specified time. Updating the antivirus. Bullowski points out that most antivirus also protect against worms and Trojan horse (55-61).Program’s signature files regularly is important, because it will download any new virus definitinion that have been added since the last update. Methods that guarantee a computer or network is safe from computer viruses simply do not exist. Installing updating and using an antivirus program, though, is an effective techniques to safeguard your computer from loss.