TV seriies ( 60 Minutes) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Television seriies ( an hour) - Essay Example Be it a decent or an awful issue that they are appearing, it gives enough information about my environmental factors and encourages me with my decisions and perspectives. The first occasion when I saw an hour on TV, I thought, â€Å"What does this show brings to the table? What great would it be able to give me? Is it worth watching?† Then a companion of mine, who happened to cherish this show, disclosed to me this isn't any customary show. She cherished it for the explanation that it permits the watchers to see the ‘real thing’ in famous people, in normal individuals, in the legislature and the various issues that are in like manner avoided the individuals. I watched the fragment wherein President Obama and his significant other were met and was fulfilled that this show has accomplished something like this for the country, including me, to know somebody so extraordinary like Obama. I heard in the news that this fragment was the most watched scene of an hour, and it has done an extraordinary impact to the show. I feel that this show has to some degree ad libbed another class in the field of reporting and broad communications, which is incredible for me, since I’m very keen on news coverage. The impact this show has on me is a decent and supportive one that is the reason I consider it as my unsurpassed most loved among all TV arrangement. The way that I can answer well when others get some information about specific issues in our nation causes me to feel educated. They thought of me as a sharp onlooker, on account of an hour. It is with this show’s help that I can know and perhaps accommodating to our nation when the opportunity arrives. I am even enlivened to compose for the show, perhaps

Finding My Way Back to School Through an Online Business Degree, Part II Essays

Finding My Way Back to School Through an Online Business Degree, Part II Essays Finding My Way Back to School Through an Online Business Degree, Part II Essay Finding My Way Back to School Through an Online Business Degree, Part II Essay In the last post I chronicled the untimely finish of my school experience when I was twenty years of age and selected to accept an occupation open door as opposed to get my degree. While it appeared as though a smart thought at the time I was currently taking care of that choice; understanding that my chances were quite hindered with no proper training to back me up and a large group of school graduates presently entering the workforce. While I decide to return to class I had little thought how that would strategically function with the adjusting of my activity and different duties until a companion referenced the chance of procuring an online business degree. On this exhortation, I looked into programs accessible and acknowledged rapidly that most schools and colleges were in fact offering a type of online program. This was totally different from when I had left school at first †when the Internet was truly still in its youngster structure. Today, it appears as if so as to remain serious, most respectable schools are offering on the web alternatives for their projects. I found an online business degree program that spoke to me, applied for affirmation and not long after ended up setting out on my training for a subsequent time. : An online business degree has given me a large number of choices. The most clear obviously is the capacity to finish my training without giving up my present work routine and different duties. I just logon and complete the work when it’s generally helpful for me. It is not necessarily the case that it isn’t testing †it is; however the online business degree has given me the apparatuses to get it going while as yet holding my activity. Through my online business degree program I have likewise met many companions. I absolutely believed that learning as such would be to some degree separating; all things considered, dislike you are sitting in a study hall dealing with ventures as a gathering. In any case, I have seen the inverse as evident; the internet learning condition is as yet a learning situation and the individuals I have met there have been steady, promising, and in quest for indistinguishable objectives from I am †making my online business degree experience significantly more agreeable.

Professional Resume Writing Services (+Cover Letter Help)

Professional Resume Writing Services (+Cover Letter Help) Professional Resume Writing Services and Cover Letter Help Home›Professional Resume Writing Services and Cover Letter Help Hiring managers spend 5-10 seconds on the initial review of one resume. From there, your resume will either be discarded right away or it will be selected for further assessment. That means that you have no more than 10 seconds to make an impression on the prospective employer with your resume (no wonder people often choose professional resume writing services?). And if you start digging, you will find it fascinating how small resume mistakes can eliminate candidates right off the bat. For example, the unprofessional email account for the rejection of over 70% of resumes. That said, writing a resume is quite a challenge if you are serious about getting a job within the next few weeks.A resume is the only chance to make a first impression on the employers. If you fail there, it is highly unlikely you will get a second chance. Therefore, you have to make sure th at you submit a stellar resume before you start wondering why you are getting no feedback from the companies. The question of using professional resume writing services as opposed to doing it all by yourself becomes all the more interesting for job seekers in this context.Professional Resume Writing Service

The History Of The Internet Essay - 2287 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The internet has come a very long way in the past 50 years. New inovations such as integrated software and hardware has changed the way that poeple view and obtain information today. The internet is a global computer network connecting millions and millions of users throughout the world. quot;It is a network connecting many computer networks and is based on a common addressing system and communications protocol.quot;It has become one of the fastest growing forms of communication today(Encyclodpedia Britannica 1999). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Internet got started by the Defense Department as a Cold War experiment in the 1950’s. The government needed a way to relay information between tanks and†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When it first started ARPAnet was limited mainly to military business by the ARPA but soon scientists began to use it to work on research through e-mail. Not long after the first mailing list appeared called SF-LOVERS. The ARPA repeatedly shut the growing number of mailing lists down but gave up after a while calling it a way to quot;test the networks mail capacity.quot; The ARPAnet as it was now called began to grow and by the ‘80’s it began to link to other college and government networks. quot;NSFnet (national science foundation network) and the newly founded usenet were among the first to be connected. These links began the quot;ARPAinternetquot; later called just the internet.quot; The internet grew rapidly over time and bega n to ease out of government ownership and into privately owned routes. In 1990 ARPAnet was shut down but by this time the internet had become completely public and no longer relied on the original ARPAnet. It however still used the TCP/IP technology developed by Cerf(Buick, Joanna and Jevtic, Zoran). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;quot;Usenet was a network similar to ARPAnet created by graduate students and facultyShow MoreRelatedHistory of Internet10240 Words   |  41 PagesHISTORY OF COMPUTERS AND THE INTERNET OUTLINE 1B MODULE Steps Toward Modern Computing 31 First Steps: Calculators 31 The Technological Edge: Electronics 31 Putting It All Together: The ENIAC 36 The Stored-Program Concept 36 The Computer’s Family Tree 37 The First Generation (1950s) 37 The Second Generation (Early 1960s) 38 The Third Generation (Mid-1960s to Mid-1970s) 39 The Fourth Generation (1975 to the Present) 41 A Fifth Generation? 44 The Internet Revolution 45 Lessons Learned 48 Read MoreThe History Of The Internet2033 Words   |  9 PagesThe history of the Internet starts with the making of electronic computers in the 1950’s. After a bunch of rabble The first concepts of the Internet were invented in the 1960’s who saw much use in allowing computers to share information. It was mainly used for scientific and military purposes, research, development, and sorts. J.C.R. Licklider of MIT first suggested the idea of a global network of computers in 1962. He moved to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency to develop the InternetRead MoreHistory of the Internet535 Words   |  2 PagesInternet The Internet is a child of the 1960s. 1969 was when the first network of computers, ARPANET, communicated with one another. I took a full decade before the Internet was developed. In 1984, domain names were introduced, bringing with them, the familiar suffixes of â€Å"com† and â€Å"org† (Anonymous, 2013). It didn’t become widely used until the 1990s when two significant developments arrived. In 1991, the World Wide Web (Web 1.0) was released, along with hyper-links, which made navigation easierRead More History Of The Internet Essay1527 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of the Internet Works Cited Buick, Joanna and Jevtic, Zoran. Introducing Cyberspace. New York, NY: Totem Books, 1995. Crick, Prof. Rex E. E-Mail History. [Online] Available http://www2.uta.edu/geology/compulit/mailhist.html, December 20, 1999. Hafner, Katie and Lyon, Mathew. Where Wizards Stay up Late. New York, NY: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Simon amp; Schuster Inc., 1996. quot;Internet.quot; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1999 ed. Kristula, Dave. The History ofRead More The History of the Internet Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesThe History of the Internet When one thinks of the internet, one may think of America Online, Yahoo!, or of Sandra Bullock being caught up in an espionage conspiracy. For me, it is a means of communication. A way to talk to some of my friends who live off in distant places such as Los Angeles, New Jersey, and the Philippines. The U.S. Defense Department originally had this intent in mind when they connected a computer network with various other radio and satellite networks.[1 Krol] They wantedRead MoreThe History of Internet Piracy1122 Words   |  4 PagesThe History of Internet Piracy and its Impacts Internet piracy and copyright infringement have become major issues around the globe. Internet piracy has also evolved significantly since its beginnings. The effects are particularly felt by multiple industries, including the music, movie and software industries. As a result of the overwhelming effects of piracy, many pieces of legislation have either been proposed or passed in the United States. Piracy has significantly impacted the Internet as aRead MoreHistory Of Internet On The World1486 Words   |  6 PagesJosh Margolis EMF140 November 2, 2015 History of Internet Before the the Internet was created, linking the world, human beings were already thinking with a connected mind. While messages obviously were unable to be transferred electronically, humans invented different ways to trade information and news with other people. Firstly was the post. In order to send a friend a message, a letter would have had to been written and mailed. Mailing messages was a long process, often taking days to getRead MoreThe History of Computers and the Internet1457 Words   |  6 PagesWith the invention of the internet in the late 1960s and early 1970s, no one had a clue what it would one day develop into. When computers started becoming an everyday household appliance and the internet became more widespread, social networking sites (SNS) were developed as a means of communicating with people across the world. Friendster was launched in 2002, and grew rapidly over the course of three months as people started connecting and networking over the internet inste ad of in person. MyspaceRead MoreThe History and Development of the Internet1937 Words   |  8 Pagesstart with, we have to discuss the historical backdrop of the Internet and its development. The Internet developed out of improvements in bundle exchanging and circulated machine systems intended to be secure in time of war. Throughout the last few decades, the Internet has had monstrous developing. Several years back, numerous individuals completed not have machine information and were not mindful of how to utilize it. Today, the Internet is utilized regularly for just about every errand. A huge numberRead More The History and Future of the Internet Essay831 Words   |  4 PagesThe History and Future of the Internet Many believe the internet was an over night sensation, that one day, someone invented the internet and it spread in popularity faster than Tickle Me Elmo or the Macarena. Although the internet did have a surge of commercial popularity, with the invention of Mosaic and later with e-commerce, it was created many years ago with the development of military networking technologies. Also, the internet, unlike many pop culture fads of the nineties, will continue

Broken Family - 3761 Words

Socrates Philosopher Socrates was a classical Greek Athenian philosopher. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, Wikipedia â€Å"Personal background† Born: 469 BC, Athens, Greece Died:399 BC, Athens, Greece Full name: Socrates Nationality: Greek Era: Ancient philosophy Region: Western philosophy School: Classical Greek Main interests: Epistemology, ethics Notable idea: SocraticMethod, Socratic irony Influenced: Most subsequent Western philosophy; more specifically, Plato, Aristotle, Aristippus, Antisthenes Spouse:Xanthippe Children:Menexenus, Lamprocles, Sophroniscus Aristotle Philosopher Aristotle was a Greek philosopher†¦show more content†¦While the philosopher seeks always to rid himself of the body, and to focus solely on things concerning the soul, to commit suicide is prohibited as man is not sole possessor of his body. For, as stated in the Phaedo: the philosopher more than other men frees the soul from association with the body as much as possible. Body and soul are separate, then 2 .CRITO BY: PLATO The dialogue begins with Socrates waking up to the presence of Crito in his prison cell and inquires whether it is early in the day. Crito informs Socrates that it is indeed early and that he, Crito, chose to let Socrates sleep in peace, especially given Socrates current distressful circumstance of awaiting his own execution. Crito explains that he admires the peaceful manner in which Socrates has heretofore lived and the level of calm that Socrates displays in the face of death. Socrates replies that it is only fitting that he react in such a manner given his age and expresses surprise that the guard has let Crito into his cell at such an early hour. Crito informs Socrates that he is well-acquainted with the guard and has done him a certain benefaction. Crito relays bad news to Socrates. He tells him that there are eyewitness reports that the ship has come in from Delos, and that tomorrow Socrates will be executed. Socrates rebuffs the report, saying he has had a dream - a vision of a woman in a white cloak telling him that on theShow MoreRelatedEssay On Broken Family1027 Words   |  5 Pagest a broken family has on juveniles. A broken family refers to a family that has gone through a separation, abandonment or divorce leaving the children with only one parent instead of the much needed two. In the beginning of a divorce parents tend to argue non-stop and just have a sense of despair around the household. Children around that type of atmosphere can get confused and blame themselves for such arguments and the overall unhappiness. When dealing with divorce the effects on the children varyRead MoreFamilies Are More Beneficial Than Broken Families Essay2447 Words   |  10 Pages Whole Families are More Beneficial Than Broken Families When I was a child, I used to think that everyone will grow up, get married and live a happy life. I believe that you can get married and have a happy life, but I realize that isn’t the case for everyone. Many people do get married and may or maynot have children, but a large number of those people get a divorce. A number of studies have recently suggested that 40 and 50 percent of marriages end in divorce (Issitt 2). Since there is a largeRead MoreBroken Family After The Second Divorce1225 Words   |  5 Pagespart of my brain at all times. When I take the time to sit down and dissect it, though, I can’t translate the signaling neurons into keystrokes. I can’t justify growing up believing love is a temporary fix, or that later I proclaimed the title of Broken Family after the second divorce. I can’t rationalize the polarization of my allegiance to the two halves of my whole. I can’t articulate how it feels to be passed back and forth from house t o house like a talking stick at a self-help meeting or a pre-teenRead MoreThe Perfect Family Became A Broken Home1101 Words   |  5 Pageswas all anyone ever knew. The perfect family became a broken home in 2009, but not just any broken home. It became a home searching for a renewing, searching for a reconnection. With whom? Well, we did not quite know that answer at that point of our beautiful tragedy either. From the alcoholic father, to the sleepless mother, I grew up in a family that seemed perfect enough for me. My dad, my mom, my sister Charli, and I spent most weekends with my dad s family, our friends, and my dad s best friendRead MoreDinner at the Homesick Restaurant:The Broken Family Dynamic of the Tull Family1296 Words   |  6 PagesIn Anne Tyler’s Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant, the negative effects of a broken marriage on the family are continually presented through the use of multiple characters’ internal and external dialogue, along with their interpretations of events that determine their overall outlook on the world. Contrary to the â€Å"normative† family structure consisting of two parents, this family is run solely by the mother, Pearl Tull, who is often overwhelmed by her role of being the exclusive support for her threeRead MoreHaving a Broken Family and How Its Effect to the Children6051 Words   |  25 PagesPROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction People marry for many reasons, including one or more of the following: legal, social, libidinal, emotional, economic, spiritual, and religious. These might include arranged marriages, family obligations, the legal establishment of a nuclear family unit, the legal protection of children and public declaration of commitment. It is usually formalized at a wedding or marriage ceremony. The ceremony may be officiated either by a religious official, by a government officialRead MoreFamily As A Broken Family1204 Words   |  5 PagesFamily is very important as it shapes our development and personality. The family protects your dignity and takes care of your well being. Family also gives us teachings that guide us throughout our lives and these are the values we carry everywhere we go. In addition, your family comes to your aid during hard times. Family is the building block of a successful person. Family is the first friend; first brick and first memory of a person. It can either make you or break you into pieces. A broken familyRead MoreThe Effect of a Broken Family to a Students Performance in School5821 Words   |  24 PagesTHE EFFECT OF A â€Å"BROKEN FAMILY† TO A STUDENT’S PERFORMANCE IN SCHOOL A Research Proposal Presented to the Faculty of Rizal National Science High School In Fulfilment Of the Requirement in Research III Submitted by: Luigi Boy C. Echica March 2010 ABSTRACT The Family is an essential factor for a human’s whole-being, everything about a man, his background, attitude, all of his achievements, his honor and dignity , relies on the structure of the family a man lives in with. A family is composed ofRead MoreBroken Family Structure Leads to Educational Difficulties for Children1253 Words   |  6 PagesBroken Family Structure Leads to Educational Difficulties for Children UNITED STATES, January 16, 2006 (LifeSiteNews.com) - The U.S Center for Marriage and Family released a study in November 2005 that shows broken family structures consistently lead to education difficulties for children. â€Å"When it comes to educational achievement,† the study says, â€Å"children living with their own married parents do significantly better than other children.† The report found that children from non-intact familiesRead MoreBroken Family3631 Words   |  15 PagesChapter I Problem and Its Setting Introduction Family is the basic components of the society. And the researcher believes that the number one ingredients on youth’s happy life are their family, that the parents are the most important source of youth’s behavior, which effect to their outlook in life. So if the parents are separated, how does it affect the youth and what can they do about it? When parents split up, there can be many emotions that a youth may have

Wilderness Bradley Watker Free Essays

string(110) " matted to his simian shaped skull, his beard was torn and tangled, his skin was red and lined from exposure\." I hobbled as fast as I could across the moor. I didn’t look back and I didn’t look down – the former because I didn’t want to know just how close it was, the latter because I didn’t want to see the blood spurting from my foot. It was chasing me. We will write a custom essay sample on Wilderness Bradley Watker or any similar topic only for you Order Now I didn’t turn round, but with each limped and painful step I knew it was right behind me, ready to pounce and end any futile hope of survival. It was so near, at my shoulder, on top of me, right through my brain. I could feel its breath pushing against my neck, salivating in hunger. Why didn’t it just finish me off? Maybe it wanted me to turn, maybe the moment I looked it would be there. Its red eyes shining into mine, its wide mouth ready to make an aperture of my throat. The temptation to turn was immense. If I turned it would be over, I wouldn’t have to run – hobble, limp, stagger – anymore. I heard it growl, ready to pounce. My arms flailed, my mangled foot slipped in a coating of my own blood – but still I ran, still I refused to look back. I kept thinking of survival, thinking there’d be a future, thinking I’d live – and it was with that thin slice of hope that my legs disappeared from under me. I screamed, but it was a sound of surprise rather than pain – and it was lost in a terrible scream from across the moor. Who was that? Was it Mark? Was it Pete? We’d run together, separated – thinking it couldn’t hunt down all three of us across these moors. But was that right? It was a long way to run and we had no idea how swift it was. I closed my eyes and listened. It was Mark. It was Mark screaming into the night. It was Mark being torn apart. I opened my eyes, slowly, and looked behind me. There was nothing. There were no red eyes, there were no bloodied teeth. Yet I could hear its breath so close, smell its disgusting raw hunger. But it wasn’t there, Mark’s cries told me that. It had followed Mark – the fattest one – meat on the carcass for a good feast. But I could still hear its breath, trapped in my mind, telling me it was near, that despite Mark’s cries it was still hunting me. I steadied myself and looked around. I’d tumbled into a crimson ditch, a jagged hole covered in blood. Every inch of grass, every patch of mud was smeared red. I blinked a couple of times and gagged as the stench beat its way through my nostrils – and then, under the moonlight, I saw them. There were a dozen rabbit carcasses in the hole with me, each of them dissected and eviscerated by teeth. This is where it was before the bar, this is where it started before it came to us for the main course. I pulled myself up, scared I’d vomit. Mark’s cries had stopped. Mark had been stopped. It was silent again, so I couldn’t retch. If I threw up it would know where I was, it would find me easy. I crawled from the ditch, away from the blood and the smell. I lay on the grass, keeping my face pressed down, hoping the aroma of night time freshness would remove all others. I was tempted to just stay there, but the pain in my heel was too much. I had a knife in my shack, a good sharp blade. I could cut out the wound, remove the infection. The shack wasn’t far. I knew this land, knew how to navigate these moors – I just prayed I could move fast enough it wouldn’t catch me. I stood up, putting my weight on my right foot, only gingerly using my left. I took my bearings. Mark’s cries had come from the east. What was it doing now? Was it feasting? Was it burrowing its nose into Mark’s blubber? Or was it going to use the darkness to hunt down me and Pete as well? It had started in the bar – what? Half an hour earlier? A life time ago? ‘The Bar At The End Of The World’ we called it. There had been three of us in, and Paul the bar-keep. No matter who else was there, the three of us – and Paul the bar-keep – were always there. We were single men, away from civilisation, glad – in the absence of any other human companionship – to have a kind of family to go to of an evening. It wasn’t exclusive, we never made anyone feel an outsider. When others came in from the moors they were welcomed, they were old friends. Even strangers received a cheery greeting. We’d had lost English motorists, Scotsmen in kilts, even once a Japanese coach party. We always treated strangers kindly, we always wanted the stranger to leave as a friend. We weren’t a bar which looked shifty and suspicious at every unknown who walked in. We smiled, we cheered, we brought another round. The stranger who walked in that night was different. He looked cold, distant, unfriendly. He looked like a man who wouldn’t appreciate smiles or cheers or any warm welcome. He was huge, the size and shape of a bear – near seven foot of him. He lowered his head through the doorway and then straightened, standing dead still, staring at us on our bar-stools. Pete – the friendliest, youngest and lithest – tended to pounce forward and shake the hand of whoever came in, he didn’t with this guy. This man just stood and glared at us, like he was ready to growl if we came near. We were in the wild, we ourselves were part of the wild – but he looked like he was born of it. His hair was greasy and matted to his simian shaped skull, his beard was torn and tangled, his skin was red and lined from exposure. You read "Wilderness Bradley Watker" in category "Papers" His long jacket was the brown of every kind of dirt, his trousers were stained and short on his bruised calves, his torn shirt was only buttoned once – showing off a scarred and lined torso. It was Paul who spoke. Paul was the custodian and was never scared of confronting the unruly elements – his shotgun was never far from reach below the bar. â€Å"Can I help you?† he asked. The man did nothing, just continued to stare with passive venom. â€Å"Can I help you?† said Paul. The man moved. He turned his head, slowly, towards the bar-keep. â€Å"Whisky.† said the man, his voice as dark as earth. â€Å"You got money for that?† asked Paul. It was never usually a problem. Once or twice we’d had a tramp stray out that far and we’d brought them drinks – tramps have stories too. No one seemed willing to volunteer this time. The man took three strides, three strides which seemed to dent and echo against the floor. He grabbed a bar stool and swooped it under him. It was amazing those rickety old stools could take such a weight. â€Å"Whisky.† said the man. â€Å"You got money for that?† said Paul. They stared at each other. Paul kept his hand beneath the bar, clutching the gun. There was music on the jukebox, an old pop hit of the nineteen-seventies, but even though it played it was like silence had come and crushed it. The man brought his hand up, a brutal weapon of a fist – huge, scarred and red. He opened it, dropping a dozen coins down onto the bar. He smiled at Paul, or gave what passed for a smile on that face. Paul let go of the gun and pulled out a clean glass. â€Å"What kind?† he asked. â€Å"Whisky.† Paul shrugged and reached for a bottle – the cheapest – and poured out a measure. The whisky made itself at home at the bottom of the glass, but the man just stared at it in disapproval. â€Å"Whisky.† he said. Paul poured another measure. Again the man stared at it with disgust strained across his wrinkled, bruised face. â€Å"Whisky.† Paul shrugged again and poured it so the glass was brimming with brown liquid. Helicopters! I could suddenly hear choppers. They were up there, more than one – patrolling the night-sky. I dropped to the grass and looked up, but couldn’t see them despite the moonlight. How did they know about it? Who had called them? It took a long time to get a helicopter out here – helicopters were city. They must have been hunting this thing awhile, must have tracked it down here. But what were they going to do now? It was an animal, it had natural senses – they didn’t know this moor, they didn’t know where things were. It was ridiculous, what were city men in helicopters going to do against a beast like that? I lay still. They were on my side. The police, the army, the protection authorities – whoever they were – we all wanted the same thing, we wanted it gone. But I knew they wouldn’t be as careful as I would. They’d come to the moors before looking for things, other animals roaming these parts. They’d found them, they’d got them – and so what if a local got in the way of their sharpened bullets? It was collateral damage, it didn’t matter. After all, we were too far away from the cities and the towns and the newspapers and the television cameras for anyone to care what actually happened. We were too far away for the death of a few yokel innocents to matter. But we knew. We knew it was as just as dangerous encountering a city man sent with a gun as it was encountering a beast. I got up slowly. What would I look like to them? A man limping in darkness across the moor, smeared with dirt and remains – how was I going to appear to them? I tried to figure out where they were – the sound of propellers said they were close, but I could also hear that breathing. I shuddered. I had to keep moving, I had to get safe. My shack, with heavy bolts on the doors and windows, was still a mile away. There was nowhere else though. Nowhere between where I stood and my shack. Nowhere in that direction between the bar and my shack. It was all so desolate. I had to get home – I could lock himself in, I had weapons, I’d be able to treat my ankle and give myself a chance of a tomorrow. I just had to get off the moor. I didn’t want to die out there from either sharpened teeth or sharpened bullets. The man had just stared at that glass of whisky. Rain fell, records changed on the jukebox and still the man watched that glass with slow contemplation. All human sound had died. Before the man walked in Pete was regaling us with a childhood story we’d all heard three hundred times, Mark nevertheless could not stop sniggering at it – now there was only silence. We stared at the man – anxious of what he was going to do, scared of what he was going to do. Paul’s hand was below the bar, tight on the gun. Maybe the man would just drink and leave. Maybe he’d drink and start a conversation. Maybe. His hand reached quick for the glass. One moment it was lying still in his lap, the next it was dropping the brown liquid down his throat. He took it in one gulp, then slammed the glass back to the bar and stared at it disappointed. He seemed to wonder if that was it. Paul reached his free hand to the bottle, to offer a refill, when the man jerked himself over the glass. He hunched his body over as if about to vomit the contents back in, his head so close he could have snapped the rim with his teeth. But he didn’t. Instead he unfurled his tongue, pushing it into the empty glass so it curled at the bottom and piled up on itself. The tongue was long, dark, thick – it had two black veins running and pulsing up the back. He pushed it into the glass and filled it. The receptacle crammed full with purple flesh spilling over the top Then he made a slurping sound, like his tongue was a paper-straw reaching for the last drop of liquid. He slid it out, but stayed hunched forward and unfurled it again, wrapping his tongue around the base of the glass. He lifted it from the bar, tilting his head back and shaking whatever atoms of whisky might be left into his wide eager mouth. He dropped the glass back to the bar carelessly, so it landed on its side and rolled. The man grunted as it came to a stop right at the edge. I wasn’t far now, but still far from safe. The helicopters had moved away, but there were men on the moors. I could hear them communicating, I could hear the static of their walkie-talkies. They were armed and scared in the moonlight, and it didn’t matter what they saw – man, sheep, deer, great big beast – they’d all get the same treatment. I kept moving, conscious of them, conscious of the salivating breath, conscious that one wrong turn and I’d be exposed for all in the moonlight. I rounded a ridge, and there – close enough to see – was my shack. I felt so much relief I nearly wept, but then I heard them on the bank right above me. I hit bank-side and listened, they were chatting about vectors and shut downs and containing the area. All the time the beast was getting nearer. It was so dark out there – even with the moon – that it could have pounced from five feet and surprised me. Even with armed city men so close, it would still have time to tear out my throat before taking them too. They were above me so I couldn’t move, but I could hear the beast and knew I had to move. The sound of its hunger was louder when I stopped. It seemed like it could attack from all sides, like I could be ripped apart by more than one of them. It was everywhere. What were those idiots doing? Why were they advertising themselves? I held my breath and listened to them and listened to it, and figured I was in for a bloody death. Then there were screams. From across the moor came dreadful cries, that even through the wind I recognised as Pete. I lurched forward from the bank, but then reality knocked me back again. Even if I knew where to run it would be too late. The screams swirled in the wind, they echoed, so it seemed that each death throe was repeated again and again across the moors. The men primed their weapons, but what were they going to fire at? It could be miles off, it could be bursting up from just over the next hillock. Finally there was movement, orders were given, the men raced away. I could still hear the breathing, rattling between my ears even with the screams. I could hear the helicopters swooping back. The men had gone, the helicopters weren’t near enough yet and it was as close as it had ever been. If I looked to my left I could make out the brickwork of my shack. I moved hastily towards it. With the empty glass in front of him, the man closed his eyes and became still. Why hadn’t Paul shot him then? Why didn’t he just blast him one? What had gone through Paul’s mind to make him wait? But then the opportunity was gone, his eyes opened and he spoke. â€Å"I get so lonely,† he said. â€Å"I get so very, very lonely.† His voice was quiet, a growled monotone. â€Å"I know the kind of life I lead isn’t meant to have company, but still I am lonely. I think it’s an odd thing for me to have become lonely – I wasn’t born lonely, I didn’t grow up lonely, there was nothing in my life that suggested loneliness. But now I am alone. I don’t miss the people I knew, I don’t miss the people who loved me – some of them I can’t even remember – but I do miss the sensation of somebody else, I do miss there being another. I talk to myself a lot, I talk to myself and try to make sense of it, because after all – who else is there to talk to? Sure, there are people like you. There’s the welcome of strangers when I can get it. But you’re not my friends, you’re not even my friends for the hours I spend here. You’re just people I meet. You don’t like me and you don’t trust me – and I’ll be honest with you, you have no reason to do either. You know what I am, or you have a good idea what I am. You know what I have to do, you know what will happen next. And later on when I’m alone I might regret it, but for now†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And there it was – an angry mass of hair, claws and teeth. It went for Mark first – the most meat – but Mark was strong and pushed it back. It was only for a second, knocking it off balance, but enough for the three of us to get passed. We scrambled, had almost reached the outside, when it clamped me in a hungry vice. I looked to my foot and saw its horrible mutated face, growling and supping at my flesh. I screamed and it was answered by a gunshot. Paul put both barrels into its back. It roared and let go of my heel, and I hobbled out as fast as I could. There was another shot, and then a scream from Paul. I reached my shack, fumbling in the darkness as I tried to open the door. I had to be quicker – my blood was in the air, surely I was going to be next. It was so near, its breath seemed to bruise the back of my neck. Finally the door opened. I slammed it behind me, bolted it, pushed furniture to block the windows. Outside were choppers, men running – but they weren’t going to get near it. It was coming for me, stalking me. I opened the table drawer and pulled out my revolver, then went to my book shelves and cracked open a little box. It was a present, given to me as a keepsake, a lucky charm, in case I ever needed it. A silver bullet. I looked to the door and with shaking fingers slipped it into the chamber. The full moon shone on me despite the furniture. I could hear growling, panting, a nearby and desperate salivating. But then I heard a chopper, I heard men. It receded, cowering, taking a tactical retreat. The sound of breathing softened in my head. I took a gulp of relief and vomited on the floor. The vomit was blood red. I sat down, shaking with tears. I reached to the drawer and pulled out a carving knife, bringing it to my heel. But it was no good. The wound was deeper than I’d realised, the teeth had sunk in further than I thought, meeting below my flesh. There was no way I could just cut it out, the infection was in me, rampant in my blood. I put the gun to my temple. Why not? Anyone who passed as my friend had already died that night. But then the moonlight touched me and I realised just how powerful I felt. I could hear the breathing again, friendlier now though. There was a new smell in the night air – warm, welcoming. The beast was just the other side of the door, I could sense it. I could smell it, it could smell me. I put the gun down and smiled. I guessed neither of us would be lonely for a little while. How to cite Wilderness Bradley Watker, Papers

Introduction to Marketing in Travel and Tourism Essay Example

Introduction to Marketing in Travel and Tourism Essay The definition of marketing is: the management processes responsibly for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customers requirements profitably *source institute of marketing. Setting targets is a common approach but one that often fails for a number of reasons. Often the targets are not appropriate or where they are, once written, they are never utilised. Setting SMART targets can help with the former (but not with the latter) SMART stands for S We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Marketing in Travel and Tourism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Marketing in Travel and Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Marketing in Travel and Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Specific M Measurable A Attainable R Realistic T Time-constrained Therefore essentially SMART targets set out whats going to happen, whos going to do it, when its going to be done by, and how achievement will be measured. Easy to say much harder to do in practice and provide meaningful targets. Also it is vitally important to provide customers with the right product or service, this is noticeable when customers are purchasing a holiday. Since when you go into a travel agent you can see the different brochures they have on offer, this is because customers have different needs/ requirements, which need to be addressed. As a result when a customer is looking for a particular destination or resort then they need a brochure to be applied to this in terms of purchasing a holiday. E.g. skiing holiday not a summer sun destination. Many clients need to be provided with the right products and services and much of this can be done in a variety of ways such as informing the company as to what you requirements may be or need in the present or future. Or the company having the facilities to cater for the individual needs. During the year there is a significant fluctuation in prices this is because there is known as a high and a low season in the Travel and Tourism P4. industry. This is because there are periods when holiday purchases are significantly lower depending on the month. This is because people choose to take their children away mainly during school holidays which means that during the high season their will be more bookings. As a consequence the travel companies put up prices to compensate for the loss in trade during the lower seasonal months. However many people who dont work choose to purchase their holidays during the winter months this is predominantly noticeable in the old aged pensioners groups. Therefore making an advantage to the high and low season. In comparison to this parents or guardians have to pay a considerably higher price when taking their children away on holiday, for reasons mentioned above. Mainly a typical package holiday is sold from a travel agent, which are generally located in high street locations. Ideal for people to see when theyre out in their local town or city. As a result you can expect to find many different outlets which means there is plenty of choice for people to come across when purchasing a package holiday. The location of travel agents is largely to do with the population numbers, this is because more people equates to more money. Therefore with densely populated areas there is more shops and more travel agents, in comparison to sparsely populated areas such as village not benefiting from travel agents which means that they have to commute to purchase a holiday. If they decide to purchase through that means of purchase. Travel companies use different promotional methods to influence peoples decisions about purchasing a holiday. Travel companies use many different media forms to convey their message, which they are trying to portray to the consumer. Many people can see these promotional influences in the form of bill boards, TV advertisement, magazines, fliers, posters, letters, SPAM e-mails, internet pop-ups, newspapers, transport stations, and internet web page advertisement. As a result of their being many different forms of media advertisement available to the companies there is plenty of ways of encouraging prospective clients to purchase a travel and tourism product and service through their company. The major marketing management decisions can be classified in one of the four categories: ? Product. ? Price. P4. ? Place. (distribution) ? Promotion. These variables are known as the marketing mix or the 4 ps marketing. They are the variables that marketing managers can control in order to best satisfy customers in a target market. They marketing mix is portrayed in the following diagram. The firm tries to generate a positive response in a target market by blending these marketing mix variables in an optimum manner. Product. The product is the physical product or service offered to the consumer. In the case of physical products, it also refers to any services or conveniences that are part of the offering. In the travel industry the physical product is the actual holiday. Therefore differentiating in a physical product (the holiday) and a product you purchase in a shop for example. Product decision includes aspects such as a function, appearance, packaging, service, warranty etc. P4. Price. Pricing decisions should take into account profit margins and the profitable pricing response of competitors. (The Big 4) Pricing includes not only the list price, but also discounts, financing and other options such as leasing of properties in which company affiliated stores, offices etc are based. Place. Place (or placement) are decisions are decisions associated with channels of distribution that serve as a means of getting the product to the target consumer. As mentioned earlier. Distribution decisions include market coverage, logistics and level of service required. Promotion. Promotion decisions are those relating to communicating and selling to potential customers. Since these costs can be large in proportion to the product. Their needs to be analysis of the of the income generated by the sales which they can get from their financial records and the amount the company is prepared to pay or promotion of their products and services. This is noticeable during the low season when adverts are on the TV informing people about warm sunny location. Therefore influencing people to get away from the cold weather (due to autumn winter advertisement) therefore establishing the high seasons brochures. Which people can book in months or weeks in advance before the peek time for foreign transport to popular destinations. Many companies want to determine the future profit margins of their company, therefore market research is a significant advantage of what the customers needs and wants may be. Many companies entice people to fill in questionnaires by offering free holidays to popular destinations to a small number of lucky people (no guarantee of a holiday though!) Therefore companies can accurately gain an insight into the future outcomes for the company such as profit, amount of custom etc. P4. Therefore when people fill in the surveys companies can utilise the information and apply this to charts and see where the biggest needs and wants may lie, therefore giving the company the opportunity to apply these changes to the high season when business is busiest. Every person is classified; therefore companies can use this information in determining the products and services they should offer to their customers. Clients may be classified on gender, ethnic background, socio-economic group, age/ family circumstances, geographical location, and age. The information in which the travel companies have about potential clients can be focused or geared towards a particular market segment. Therefore increasing the productivity of the company in general. Target markets can be complex because there are many different types of people in which activities can be offered at particular clients. For summer sun holidaymakers, people can participate in many different activities, which the resort representative(s) talk about in the welcome meeting. For people who are going on sports holiday then sports and recreational facilities would be the main focus of the holiday in contrast to relaxation which would be associated with summer sun holidays or a health spa. Do not reproduce this work its a guide only! Dont forget the golden rule state your sources.

200+ Writing Prompts To Help You Think Outside The Box

200+ Writing Prompts To Help You Think Outside The Box Whether youve never heard of writing prompts or youre a huge fan of them  like I am, youre going to love this post. If youre not familiar, they are basically writing ideas to spark your imagination while writing. Who doesnt love getting new ideas (especially when youre out of them)? Read on for fresh writing prompts to give you new ideas for your own writing. How To Think Outside The Box With 200 Plus Writing Prompts via @devinberglundWhy You Should Use Writing Prompts You know those days when you write something and then you delete it all to try writing it again... And once you've written something, it still doesn't sound exactly how you want it to so you scratch the whole thing. This is the kind of situation when  you should try out some writing prompts. They are meant to get you thinking about your project  from another perspective. Writers who don't struggle to find writing ideas would also benefit from using these. You see, it gets you thinking in a different way. And thinking outside of the box will help you produce more creative ideas  to give your content a unique perspective. Sick of struggling for writing ideas? Get your 200+ writing prompts here.The Different Kinds Of Writing Prompts Writing prompts are popular in the journaling and creative writing worlds, which opens the door to many different kinds of prompts. But in this post, you'll learn about  three writing prompts that will help you in the content marketing world:  You've got fill in the blank prompts,   question prompts, and prompts that tell you to look somewhere for your ideas. This isn't to say that there aren't more out there that will help you, but these are the ones you'll  focus on throughout this post. Recommended Reading:  How To Write Amazing Posts With This Blog Writing Checklist Here are  a few examples of some writing prompts: Fill In The Blank Prompts {#}  Ways To  {Overcome Challenge} Question Prompts What is your content core? Prompts That Direct You To Look Elsewhere For Your Ideas Go to where your audience is. What questions are they asking? Writing Prompts To Get You Writing Here  are several examples for each  kind of writing prompt  to  help you come up with some awesome content: Fill In The Blank Prompts: A list of ways that your product will help you with _____. Wish I'd known ____ before ____. What ____ means for {company or industry}. The best things I learned at ______. ______: I Learned The Tough Way. What happened on this day_____ {pick a number} years ago. 100 ____ that will ____ you be more awesome at what you do. We've been doing this wrong... Ask ____ {pick a number} people the same question and compile it into a collaborative blog post. Why this ____ {pick a speech video} speech teaches you all you need to know about ____. ____ {pick a number} _____ {type of videos} Videos That Will Help You ______. The ultimate guide to ______. Do _____ {number} Things By _____ {age}. What ____ {name of someone or something} Never Told You The Truth About ____. Why I'm going to quit ______. What are the goals for your next five  years? ____ {number} Real People Share Their Biggest _______ {topic} Problems ____ {number} Ways To Track _____ {topic} Your _____ Without Going Crazy ____ {number} Blog Posts To Read When You're _____. This Trick Helped Me ____. What You Need To Know If You're _____. How I Went From ______ To _____. ____  {number} Empowering Ways To Track ____ Without ____. The Truth About ____. ___ {number} Crucial Things To Do If _____. ___ {number} ___ That Will ___. ___ {number} ___ Share The Top Tips They Give To _____. What Is ___, Anyway? Here's What Makes The Real Difference Between ____ And ____. Is Giving Up ____ A Good Way To ____. Here's Everything You Need To Know About ___. Why ___ Doesn't Want You To ___. Is This The Reason You Can't ___. The Exact Formula For ___. ___ {number} Ways ___ Can Help You ___. Why ___ Should Just Relax About ___. ___ {number} Ways To ___ Without ___. ___ {number} ___ {topic} Hacks To Add To Your Bag Of Tricks Real-Life Solutions For _____. Low-Cost Tools To Help With ____. Conquer Your Fear Of ___ With ___. ___ {number} ___ Ideas To Give A Try Must-Have ____ Tips To Have For ___ ___ {year} ____ Trends ___ {number} DIY ___ Ideas ___ {number} ___ Budget Busters Easy ___ Tips For Your ___. Easy-To-Make ___ That Will ___. Must-Have-Tools For A ___. ___ On A Budget: Tips To ___. 1-Hour Tips For ___ That Will ___. ___ {Topic}: Easy Ways To ___. Spruce Up Your ___ With These Awesome ____ Tips. ___ {number} Things ___ (certain title for a person) Do. ___ {number} Rules That Are Stupid. ___ {number} Warning Signs That ___. The Heartbreaking Reality Of ___. ___ {number} Things That ___ {certain people title} Think About ___. Question Prompts: What are some things people in your field want to know? What are positive conversations about things in your field being held? What are negative conversations that are being held in your field? What trends are big in your niche or field right now? What plugins and apps help you do your job better? What is your core content? If you could interview a person in your niche, who would it be? How'd you get started in your career? If you could interview a person in your niche, who would it be? How'd you get started in your career? What didn't work for you? What questions do you get? Compile it into your FAQ. What makes my company different? What is something that you enjoy every day? What adventures do you experience in your career? What are your top distractions and how do you deal with them? What's your motto for your company or blog? What's a current frustration of yours? What advice has stuck with you for a long time? Who gave you that advice? What's a day in the life of ___ {you} look like? Who is the one person that you definitely couldn't live without? What books would you recommend your followers to read? What would you tell someone who wants to go into your career? What is the toughest thing about being a ___ {your job title}? How To Make Your Products Look Appealing? Prompts That Direct You To Look Elsewhere For Your Ideas: What are your competitors writing about? Take a look at three of yours and combine them together and create something amazing-er than they make. Look for keywords and let them be your guide. What are your customers' pain points and how can your product help them? Go find out what they are saying their problems are. Take a look at your top content in your analytics and write more like those or even revamp your old posts. Is there a change I could make in the next 24 hours... Look through all the comments on your blog and answer comments in blog post form. At the  end of the  year, list your posts by category and publish that as a post. Search out your brand persona on social media and find out what questions they are asking. Use them as blog prompts. Search on Twitter search and on Google Trends. Why customers are going elsewhere (put a spin on it to make it positive.) Social media tips for your industry. Take an unrelated topic and somehow tie it into your niche. Profile readers or customers. QA interview with your team. Write your own manifesto. Write a parody post. Read forums to find writing prompt ideas. Write a truth vs lie post. What The Worse Customers Can Teach You About... Get the rest of your writing prompts in your free kit now! Recommended Reading: How To Write A Blog Post: Your 5-Point Checklist To Rock A Perfect Blog Post Want To Create Your Own Writing Prompts? Sometimes it can be tough to take other people's suggestions  and customize them so that your ideas can shine through brightly. So I am going to show you how to create your own writing prompts because sometimes all you need is to find the ideas yourself. If you follow these steps, I promise you'll find a handful of new creative ideas. Here are the secrets to coming up with new #writing ideas! #amwritingHere's How You Can Create Your Own Writing Prompts There are plenty of different places to look for writing prompts.  One of my personal favorite places to look for prompts is in magazines. (Especially in health magazines.) Cosmopolitan has been cited  as a great headline source by headline masters. Why not use headlines to spark your writing ideas? They make great prompt ideas. Any kind of magazine or magazine's website works, too. Look in a variety of magazines (stretch to different genres as well): health, beauty, sports, cars, and home living magazines. When you look outside your niche and into other niches, you might find something new that you wouldn't have seen somewhere else. And that  will strengthen your writing. Honestly, you'll learn a lot from those headline writers. They are good at what they  do. Picasso was known for saying: Good artists copy, great artists steal. So mirror that in your own life as a writer. Don't just copy the ideas. Steal them and make them your own. Make sure you don't get distracted if you're creating your own prompts. It can be so easy to spend the rest of the day on the internet looking at nothing- in the name of research. You know where that bunny hole leads. And it doesn't lead to productivity or getting your projects done. It can be so easy to waste time on the internet in the name of research.Recommended Reading: 9 Ways To Reclaim Your Breakthrough Content Ideas From Old Posts Here are your  writing prompt creation steps: 1. First off, make a huge list of topics and ideas that you'd like to write about.  Keep those handy by downloading the spreadsheet that accompanies this post, or in a tool like Evernote. 2. Go to a magazine website or look at an actual magazine. 3. Find headlines that catch your attention. 4. When you find a headline that sounds catchy,  look at it. What makes it catchy? I am going to choose this headline as my writing prompt idea example: "12 Ways To Take Your Pushups To The Next Level" Now, if you remember from our other post, "Here Are The 101 Catchy Blog Title Formulas That Will Boost Traffic By 438%", we talked about blog post headlines that have numbers in them do better than ones without. Now, there are plenty of ways that we could use the idea above to inspire our own writing. My example from above:  12 Ways To Take Your Pushups To The Next Level This will sorta turn into a fun "fill in the blank" game with topics that interest you. Recommended Reading: 10 Easy Blog Post Ideas To Fill Your Editorial Calendar 5. Rework the headline you chose into your own blog prompt. Look at your list of topics and things that you want to write about.  All you have to do now is take out some words and insert some of your own.  Magazines are really good at writing their headlines, so start practicing and let them help you come up with your own writing prompts. Here are a few variations: __ {number} Ways To Take Your ____ To The Next Level __ {number} Steps To ___ Your ____ ____ ____ And what do they look like when you add your own style and flair to them? 23 Ways To Take Your Customer Service  To The Next Level 17 Steps To Write Your Best Content Ever After you've done that, it's time to figure out what the steps are that are going to help your readers solve their problems. 6. Create a huge database of ideas like this.  After creating a ton of exciting prompt ideas, write them all down in a writing prompt library. You can store your writing ideas in a notebook, in an  Evernote note or even in a  Google Docs  or Sheets  doc. (I've created an Excel document for you to use and that is included in the bundle that complements this post.) It will look something like this: How Should You  Use The Writing Prompt Library? All you have to do is fill in these questions: List your prompts. In what blog category will the blog prompts fit? Do you have a keyword for it yet? When do you want to publish the post? If you find something else that you'd like to track in your Writing Prompt Library, add to the columns at the top and then track away. Now You're Ready To Rock And Write... How awesome is it to have all these ideas? And don't you just love that "magazine headline" secret to finding new writing prompts? I know it can be hard to come up with ideas of your own. So if you are still struggling to find things to write about or are still trying to get unstuck, make sure you download the writing prompts tear sheet to get 200+ writing prompts and your writing prompt library.

Cosmos Episode 12 Viewing Worksheet

Cosmos Episode 12 Viewing Worksheet In the spring of 2014, Fox aired the television series Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey hosted by Neil deGrasse Tyson. This amazing show, with solid science explained in a totally accessible way, is a rare find for a teacher. Not only is it informative, but students also seem to be entertained and invested in the episodes as Neil deGrasse Tyson narrates and gets excited. Whether,  as a teacher, you  need a video to show your  class as a reward or as a supplement to a science topic, or even as a lesson plan to be followed by a substitute, Cosmos has you covered. One way you can assess the students learning (or at the very least to keep them focused on the show) is to give them a worksheet to fill out during the viewing, or as a quiz afterward. Feel free to copy and paste the worksheet below and use it as the students watch Episode 12 of Cosmos entitled The World Set Free. This particular episode is also a great way to battle any resistance to the idea of global climate change. Cosmos Episode 12 Worksheet Name:______________ Directions: Answer the questions as you watch episode 12 of Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey What planet is Neil deGrasse Tyson talking about when he says it used to be paradise?How hot is the surface of Venus?What are the clouds that block the Sun on Venus made of?Which country landed a probe on Venus in 1982?What is the difference in the way carbon is stored on Venus and on Earth?What living thing created the White Cliffs of Dover?What would Venus have needed in order to store carbon in the form of a mineral?What on Earth primarily controls the amount of carbon dioxide in the air?What did Charles David Keeling manage to do in 1958?How can scientists read the â€Å"diary† of the Earth written in the snow?What major event in history is the starting point of the exponential rise of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?How much carbon dioxide do volcanoes add to the atmosphere on Earth every year?How did scientists conclude the extra carbon dioxide in the air contributing to climate change was not made from volcanoes, but instead comes from burning fossil fuels?How much ext ra carbon dioxide are humans putting into the atmosphere every year by burning fossil fuels? How much additional carbon dioxide has been spewed into the atmosphere since Carl Sagan first warned about doing so in the original â€Å"Cosmos† television series in 1980?What do Neil deGrasse Tyson and his dog walking on the beach symbolize?How are the polar ice caps an example of a positive feedback loop?At what rate are the Arctic Ocean ice caps receding now?How is the permafrost near the North Pole melting increasing carbon dioxide levels?What are two ways we know that the Sun is not the cause of the current global warming trend?What amazing invention did Augustin Mouchot first display in France in 1878?Why was there no interest in Augustin Mouchot’s invention after he won the gold medal at the fair?Why did Frank Shuman’s dream of irrigating the desert in Egypt never come to be?How much of the wind’s power would have to be tapped in order to run all of civilization?The manned missions to the moon were a direct result of what period in the United State s’ history?Who were the first group of people to stop wandering and begin civilization by using agriculture?

Trends and Tactics used for Mobile Marketing Essay

Trends and Tactics used for Mobile Marketing - Essay Example Consequently, the customers are able to search for the product based on the simple captivating message given and eventually purchase the product (DeMers, 2014).Starbucks is another company that managed to effectively tap into the benefits of mobile marketing, through using the reward strategy; a reward system as the major strategy for attracting and retaining the attention of the customers (Vong, 2012). Starbucks has established a reward system program that rewards its repeat customers and then is divulging this advertisement through the mobile marketing platform. Consequently, the strategy makes it easier for the target customers to be reached personally, considering the fact that most of the consumers who own a mobile phone normally have the phone with them practically all the time (Richardson, 2010). This makes it possible for the attractive reward program by Starbucks to gain more attention both through mobile accessibility and the consequent word of mouth. The Starbucks strategy is becoming very effective because; when a reward system is communicated to a target consumer through their phone, it becomes more personalized and owned by the consumer as opposed to an advertisement that could be made through TV or print media.Thus, both Starbucks and Apple Inc. have been able to tap into the mobile marketing platform effectively through applying the simplicity and the reward system strategies respectively; and thus are consequently reaping the benefit of their unique mobile marketing strategies.

Gerontology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Gerontology - Essay Example The authors include, Dan Buettner, Sally Beare and Howard S. Friedman. They have applied both different and similar ideologies in their work. Based on health, the authors have different views on the fitness of the individuals in the blue zones. However, they have a common understanding where they believe that health depends on individual body fitness and genetic structures. Sally has done her research on the in habitats on the island by the name Okinawa, located in Eastern China (Beare 2006). She compares and contrasts the health her research samples with those from the Western countries. The island holds a record of the longest living persons in earth. She starts by comparing their physical attributes with those of the Western in habitats. Her results show that signs of healthy lifestyles before she gets into deeper research about the diseases found in the island (Beare 2006). Unlike the West where stroke, heart attacks and cancer related deaths are common, her area of study has less than 20% cases. Most diseases are so rare among the populations raising questions on the causes of the increased health cases. Scientists involved in the research have come up with results that show the strong immune systems found in the old generations. Sally related their strength to those of the young generations where that are able to fight most deadly diseases. Dan, on the other hand, has carried out most of his researches in Central and South America in some of the indigenous communities. However, his focus is on other attributes that contribute to long living other than health (Buettner 2007). For example, his study on Costa Rica reveals the physical lifestyles where his focal point is social ways of life such as how they cook their food and diet compositions (Buettner 2007). With his knowledge from other blue zones, she has come up with different myths that are common in people from other countries such as the U.S. The cultures use

Analysis of the Precautionary Principle

Analysis of the Precautionary Principle Introduction The planet earth is presently being dominated by the human species. It is the wish and whim of the human beings that decides the fate of other life forms on the planet. The existence of life on earth, as we all know, presupposes balanced ecosystem and congenial environment. Though the human beings have established their superiority over other living creature they themselves are biologically very sensitive to the environmental changes and any minor deviation in the ecosystem is bound to affect them adversely. Human beings, having the basic animal instinct to protect themselves from the potential threats, have realised that their life is full of difficulties and risks. The urge to deal with the life threatening risks that they face has formed the basic condition of their survival. Owing to this the human race is constantly making sincere endeavour to make life more comfortable by minimising all possible threats to life. The advances in the field of science and technology have blessed us with many gadgets and devices that not only ease some hardship of life but are capable of avoiding or diminishing some most threatening risks of nature. There cannot be two views regarding beneficial effects of technological and scientific developments – the life expectancy has gone up significantly in recent years and the quality and comfort of life is scaling new height day-by-day, many deceases and hardships of human life now belong to history. Today the ability of human beings, to transform the natural characteristics of the earth, has reached a level that is not only alarming but dangerous too. We must consider the fact that man has acquired this enormous power to alter the ecological balance on this planet only within a century, thus giving rise to genuine doubt how long the nature will be able to tolerate the excessive interference resulting out of human activities? The population of human beings has increased at an unprecedented pace in recent past causing undue pressures on the limited natural resources. Some of these resources are depleting at an alarming rate and is reason for worry as they have been created by the natural process over millions of years. One example could be depletion of the natural non-renewable energy resources like coal, petroleum etc. One must bear in mind that mother earth treats all its children alike and therefore, it will not be justified to deprive the present and future generations of the nature’s bounties. â€Å" 1 † All living species have an inborn instinct to insure their progeny and to make provision for the welfare of their descendants. It is expected, therefore, that Homo sapiens will take the leading role in saving the earth for their future generations. Earlier, environmental policies at the national as well as international level were based on the concept that nature has capacity to absorb the ill effects of pollution and environmental degradation to a certain extent but, once the shock bearing threshold is breached, the pollution and environmental degradation may cause damage to the environment calling for remedial efforts. This is known as the concept of ‘assimilative capacity’ of nature. This concept is based upon the notion that nature has self curative mechanism and needs no intervention unless the pollution and imbalance caused by human activities breaches the permissible level. If we adhere to this concept, the role of environmental protection agencies will begin only when this upper limit of damage bearing capacity of the environment is breached. In the quest for developing, faster then fastest, many nations have ignored this threshold limit of the environment while harnessing their natural resources, building industries, big dams and townships without making provisions for adequate compensation for the erosion and damage caused to the environment. In such a scenario, one cannot depend solely upon the earth’s self purifying and self curative capacities. Especially when, the earth is loaded with nuclear and toxic waste; forest cover is depleting faster than ever; global warming has started showing ill effects; the virgin peaks of Mount Everest and the uninhabited lands of North and South poles have become littered by man; water pollution in rivers and seas is destroying the life of aquatic creature; acid rain and smog has become more rampant, an effective proactive strategy coupled with effective measures to check further degradation of the environment is the cry of the day. Such strategy and measures assume greater importance in those cases where the adverse impact of any activity upon the environment cannot be ascertained and predicted with certainty. Should precaution be taken anticipating harmful impact on environment and thereby halt the developmental activities or leave it to the nature to repair the damage using its limited assimilative capacity is the question to be answered. The precautionary principle guides us in such tricky situations. Since 1970s, the precautionary principle has become the underlined rationale for a number of international environmental treaties and declarations. It is evident that international community has shifted from the ‘principle of assimilative capacity’ to the ‘precautionary principle’ ratifying the old saying that precaution is better than cure. Origin of the Principle It is difficult to identify with certainty the origin of the principle. â€Å"The precautionary concept found its way into international law and policy as a result of German proposals made to the International North Sea Ministerial Conferences†. In Germany the precautionary principle had its beginnings in the principle of Vorsorge, or foresight. At the centre of early notions of this principle was the understanding that society should endeavour to avoid environmental damage by careful planning in advance, blocking the harmful activities having the potential to adversely affect the environment. Eventually â€Å"the Vorsorgeprinzip (precautionary principle) developed in the early 1970s into a fundamental principle of German environmental law and has been invoked to justify the implementation of vigorous policies to tackle acid rain, global warming, and North Sea pollution. It has also led to the development of a strong environmental industry in that country†. The concept was first enunciated by the German Federal Government in 1976 using the following words:- Environmental policy is not fully accomplished by warding off imminent hazards and the elimination of damage, which has occurred. Precautionary environmental policy requires further more that natural resources are protected and demands on them made with care. Subsequently the precautionary principle was invoked in the year 1984 at the First International Conference on Protection of the North Sea. Following this conference, the principle has been integrated into numerous international conventions and agreements. The North Sea Treaties (Bremen, 1984; London, 1987; Hague 1990; Esbjerg, 1995) are some of the early examples of international treaties where the precautionary principle has had a very prominent position. III. Meaning and Nature The precautionary principle aims to provide guidance in the development and framing of policies where there is scientific uncertainty. It continues to generate disagreement as to its meaning, ambit and objectives, as reflected in the views of scholars and international judicial practice. â€Å"On the one hand, some consider that it provides the basis for early international legal action to address highly threatening environmental issues. On the other hand, its opponents have decried the potential which the principle has for over regulation and limiting human activity. The core of the principle is still evolving†. The scope of the precautionary principle goes beyond the problems associated with a short or medium term approach to environmental risks. It encompasses the concern of longer run as well and ensures well-being of future generations. A decision to take measures without waiting until all the necessary scientific knowledge is available is a precautionary approach. In its most elementary form, the precautionary principle is a strategy to cope with scientific uncertainties in the assessment and management of risks. It is about the wisdom of action under uncertainty. â€Å"The precautionary principle is often seen as an integral principle of sustainable development that is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the abilities of future generations to meet their needs. By safeguarding against natural resource base that might jeopardize the capacity of future generations to provide for their own needs, it builds on ethical notions of intra-and inter-generational equity†. The formulation of the precautionary principle in precisely and clearly expressed form, at the international level, can be found in the London Declaration of the Second International North Sea Conference. The Declaration states- .. In order to protect the North Sea from possibly damaging effects of the most dangerous substance, a precautionary approach is necessary which may require action to control inputs of such substances even before a casual link has been established by absolute clear scientific evidence. The Rio Declaration, 1992 ensured the global attention towards the precautionary principle by stating – In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by states according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to protect environmental degradation. The convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 and the Convention on Climate Change, 1992 of the Rio-Conference echo the same spirit of precaution – â€Å"lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures†. Hence, lack of scientific certainty is no reason to postpone action to avoid potentially serious or irreversible harm to the environment. At the basis of the precautionary principle is the element of anticipation, reflecting a requirement of effective environmental measures based upon actions which forms a long-term strategy. The wingspread statement on the precautionary principle has summarised four components of the principle that should guide its implementation – Action to prevent harm despite uncertainty. Shifting the burden of proof of proponents of a potentially harmful activity. Examination of a full range of alternatives to potentially harmful activities, including no action. Democratic decision making to ensure, inclusion of those affected. The communication from the European Communities (EU) on the precautionary principle demands the applicability of the principle and explains its scope in the following words:- Although the precautionary principle is not explicitly mentioned in the Treaty except in the environmental field, its scope, is far wider and covers those specific circumstances where scientific evidence is insufficient, inconclusive, or uncertain and there are indications through preliminary objective scientific evaluation that there are reasonable grounds for concern that the potentially dangerous effects on the environment, human, animal or plant health may be inconsistent with the chosen level of protection. It is clear from the aforesaid formulations of the principle that there is no uniform acceptable principle of precaution. London Declaration, 1987 uses qualifying language such as ‘may require action’ and ‘before†¦ absolutely clear†¦. Evidence’. Rio Declaration, 1992 also includes qualifying language such as ‘according to their capabilities’ and ‘†¦postponing cost-effective measures’. EU communication 2000 requires intervention to maintain the high level of protection chosen by the EU. â€Å"The triple negative notion is the definition in the Rio Declaration; the absence of rigorous proof of danger does not justify inaction is rather weak: it forces the consideration of precautionary intervention but does not require such intervention. The definition in the EU communication on the other hand does require intervention to maintain the high level of protection chosen by the EU†. Despite of the fact that various formulations of the precautionary principle have used different words one can easily draw several common points as key elements of the principle. The common understanding of contents of the principle may be summarised as under:- Precautionary principle is applicable in cases where scientific uncertainties exist about the harm that is likely to be suffered in future. Some form of scientific analysis of the potential threat is mandatory as mere speculation is not enough to trigger the principle. Unqualified possibility is sufficient enough to consider the application of the principle. Application of the principle is limited to those hazards that are unacceptable. The principle requires interventions before possible harm occurs. Interventions should be proportional to the chosen level of protection and the magnitude of possible harm. V. Precautionary Principle and International Law There can not be slightest of doubts regarding recognition and existence of the precautionary principle in the fields of contemporary national and international laws. Its outlines, however, are far from clear from a legal point of view. Essentially, the precautionary principle is an appeal to prudence addressed to policy makers. The principle does not offer a predetermined solution to every new problem raised by scientific uncertainty. On the contrary, the precautionary principle is a guiding principle that provides helpful criteria for determining the most reasonable course of action in confronting situations of potential environmental risk. Whether precautionary principle is a legally binding principle in customary international law and national law rather than a guiding principle only is a difficult question to answer. It is generally understood that declarations of principles are not traditional sources of international law and therefore, not binding for the member states of the organisation that adopted them. Such international texts do not have the same legal force as international treaties and conventions. Strictly speaking, declarations of principles are nothing more than ‘recommendations’, without binding force. Despite of this fact one cannot undermine the legal relevance of such declarations. Even though they are not considered as sources of international law, they are legitimately capable of generating norms. Declaration of principles, though not binding, can influence the elaboration, interpretation and application of international laws of member states of the international organisations that conceived or endorsed the declarations. One cannot underestimate the influence that general principles exert on legal formulation, be it in the international context or in the internal legislation and jurisprudence of countries. In spite of not being obligatory and binding, principles of law constitute important tools for the crystallization of new concepts and values. Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice provides that the International Court of Justice, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply amongst other the ‘general principles of law recognised by civilised nations’. Thus, the general principles of law are also sources of international law. Therefore, it seems incontestable that among the principles emanating from international declarations, the Precautionary Principle is legally relevant and cannot be disregarded, either by the countries in the international order, or by legislators, policy makers and courts in the domestic sphere. From the moment when the Precautionary Principle is recognised as an element of international law, it also becomes part of the general principles of environmental law, with undisputed legitimacy in guiding the interpretation and application of all legal norms in force. â€Å"The Precautionary Principle is frequently introduced in framework conventions. Although this strategy is widely used in international environmental law, it is merely a first step in elaborating more precise rules at the international level fleshing out that principle. Furthermore, in a number of international agreements, the Precautionary Principle† worded in such a way that it is deprived of immediate and autonomous applicability. Use of terms such as ‘form a basis for’, ‘in spite’, ‘endeavour’, etc. imply that the principle is merely intended to prepare states to implement their international obligations. Only the repeated use of state practice and consistent opinio juris are likely to transform precaution into a customary norm†. The Principle of precaution has found only limited judicial support so far in international law, this despite many commentators arguing that it has reached the status of a principles of customary international law. In the case of New Zealand v. France, the right of France to carryout nuclear tests in the South Pacific was challenged. The opinion of Weeramantry, J. in this case suggests that the Precautionary Principle is ‘gaining increasing support as part of the international law of the environment’. The principle should be used where there is insufficient material before the court to justify action, even if this means acting ahead of ‘full scientific evidence’. This opinion, however, was a dissent, and it is worth comparing a more, recent example where the Precautionary Principle has featured in international trade disputes. The US and Canada brought a dispute settlement case before the World Trade Organisation (WTO) against the EC, which in 1989 had banned the import of beef fed with growth hormones on the grounds that it was not safe for human health to eat such meat. The EC argued that its import ban was justified in the light of the Precautionary Principle, which is presented as a binding rule of international law. The USA and Canada denied that the principle already had such a status. The WTO found that the EC import ban violated WTO law, although the EC has continued to impose its ban and has been forced by the WTO to compensate Canada and the US for lost trade. VI. Status in India In India there are lots of environmental regulations, but most environmental regulations, like the Water (Protection and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 are aimed at cleaning up pollution and controlling the amounts of it release into the environment. They regulate the harmful substances as they are emitted rather than limiting their use or production in the first place. These laws are based on the assumption that humans and ecosystems can absorb a certain amount of contamination without being harmed. But the past experience shows that it is very difficult to know what levels of contamination, if any, are safe and therefore, it is better to err on the side of caution while dealing with the environment. The Indian Supreme Court has accepted in Vellore case that the Precautionary Principle is part of the environmental law of the country. The Court explained the ‘Precautionary Principle† in the context of the municipal law as under:- Environmental measures – by the State Government and statutory authorities – must anticipate, prevent and attach the causes of environmental degradation. Where there are threats of serious and irreversible damage, lack of scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environment degradation. The ‘onus of proof’ is on the actor or the developer/industrialist to show that his action is environmentally benign. In Taj case the Supreme Court was dealing with the problem of protecting the ‘Taj Mahal’ from the pollution of nearby industries. The Court applied the ‘Precautionary Principle’ as explained by it in Vellore Case and observed- [T]he environmental measures must anticipate, prevent and attack the causes of environmental degradation. The ‘onus of proof’ is on an industry to show that its operation with the aid of coke/coal is environmentally benign. It is rather, proved beyond doubt that the emissions generated by the use of coke/coal by the industries in TTZ are the main polluters of the ambient air. The Court ordered the industries to change-over to the natural gas as an industrial-fuel or stop functioning with the aid of coke/coal in the Taj trapezium and relocate themselves as per the direction of the Court. The ‘Precautionary Principle’ has been invoked by the Supreme Court in various cases while deciding environmental issues. In Calcutta tanneries Case the Court ordered the polluting tanneries operating in the city of Calcutta (about 550 in number) to relocate themselves from their present location and shift to the new leather complex set up by the West Bengal Government. In Badkhal Surajkund Lakes Cases the Supreme Court held that the ‘Precautionary Principle’ made it mandatory for the State Government to anticipate, prevent and attack the causes of environment degradation. The Court had no hesitation in holding that in order to protect the two lakes from environmental degradation it was necessary to limit the construction activity in the close v icinity of the lakes. Even though the Vellore judgment was followed in the subsequent decision of the Supreme Court, the Court felt the need to explain the meaning of the Precautionary Principle in more detail and lucid manner so that Courts and tribunals or environmental authorities can properly apply the said principle in the matters which might come before them. In A.P. Pollution Control Board v. Prof. M.V. Nayudu, tracing the evolution of precautionary principle the Court observed – Earlier, the concept was based on the ‘assimilative capacity’ rule as revealed from Principle 6 of the Stockholm Declaration of the U.N. Conference on Human Environment, 1972. The said principle assumed that science could provide policy-makers with the information and means necessary to avoid encroaching upon the capacity of the environmental harm was presumed that relevant technical expertise would be available when environmental harm was predicted and there would be sufficient time to act in order to avoid such harm. But in the 11th Principle of the U.N. General Assembly Resolution on World Charter for Nature, 1982, the emphasis shifted to the ‘Precautionary Principle’, and this was reiterated in the Rio Conference of 1992 in its Principle 15. Explaining the cause for the emergence of ‘Precautionary Principle’ the Court referred Charmian Barton, who argued â€Å" it makes sense to err on the side of caution and prevent activities that may cause serious or irreversible harm†. The Court opined that the inadequacies of science was the real basis that had led to the Precautionary Principle. It was based on the theory that it is better to err on the side of caution and prevent environmental harm which may indeed become irreversible. The principle of precaution involved the anticipation of environmental harm and taking measures to avoid it or to choose the least environmentally harmful activity. The Court adopted the view that ‘Environmental Protection should not only aim at protecting health, property and economic interest but also protect the environment for its own sake. Precautionary duties must not only be triggered by the suspicion of concrete danger but also by justified concern or risk potential†. The concept of burden of proof in environmental cases recognised in Vellore Case that ‘the onus of proof’ is on the actor or the developer/industrialist to show that his action is environmentally benign†, was further elaborated by the Supreme Court in the Nayudu case, M. Jagannadha Rao, J. noticed, while the inadequacies of science had led to the ‘Precautionary Principle’, the said principle in its turn led to the special principle of burden of proof in environmental cases where burden as to the absence of injurious effect of the actions proposed, was placed on those who wanted to change the status quo. This is often termed as a reversal of burden of proof, because otherwise, those opposing the change would be compelled to shoulder the evidentiary burden, a procedure which is not fair. Therefore, the Court observed, â€Å"it is necessary that the party who wants to alter it, must bear this burden†. The Supreme Court favours the view that if the environmental risks being run by regulatory inaction are in some way ‘uncertain but non-negligible’, then regulatory action is justified. According to the Court- In such a situation, the burden of proof is to be placed on those attempting to alter the status quo. They are to discharge this burden by showing the absence of a ‘reasonable ecological or medical concern’. That is the required standard of proof. The result would be that if insufficient evidence is presented by them to alleviate concern about the level of uncertainty, then the presumption should operate in favour of environmental protection. In Narmadda Bachao Andolan v. Union of India, the Supreme Court decided the issues relating to construction of dam on Narmada river which was a part of the Sardar Sarovar Project. Explaining the new concept of burden of proof the Court held that the ‘Precautionary Principle’ and the corresponding burden of proof on the person who wants to change the status quo will ordinarily apply in a case of polluting or other project or industry where the extent of damage likely to be inflicted is unknown. Where the effect on ecology of environment of setting up of an industry is known, the Court held- What has to be seen is that if the environment is likely to suffer, then what mitigative steps can be taken to off set the same. Merely because there will be a change is no reason to presume that there will be ecological disaster. It is when the effect of the project is known then the principle of sustainable development would come into play which will ensure that mitigative steps are and can be taken to preserve the ecological balance. The Court concluded, what was the impact on environment with the construction of a dam was well known in India, the dam was neither a nuclear establishment nor a polluting industry, therefore, the decision in A.P. Pollution Control Board’s Case would have no application in this case. Despite of the fact that the Court refused to apply ‘Precautionary Principle’ in this case as the impact on environment was known as could have been mitigated, in subsequent decisions of the Supreme Court one may find strict adherence to the Precautionary Principle and the new concept of onus of proof. To give effect to the Precautionary Principle, Government of India, published a Notification, which states that â€Å"the expansion or modernization of any existing industry or new projects listed in schedule I or Schedule II shall not be undertaken in any part of India, unless it has been accorded environmental clearance by the Central Government, or as the case may be, the State Government concerned in accordance with the procedure hereinafter specified in this notification†. The notification tries to achieve the objective that certain development projects should be carried on within the carrying capacity of the ecosystems, which will otherwise come under stress, so as to ensure that developmental activity takes place in harmony with the environment. This is possible only by careful assessment of a project proposed to be located in any area, on the basis of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of each project and the necessary Environment Management plan for the prevention, elimination or mitigation of the adverse impact on the environment, right from the very inception of the project. VII. Conclusion The Precautionary Principle, being a principle does not set forth absolute obligations. It simply establishes a policy for implementation by other regulatory means. Its relevance, however, would be in the development of a cluster of norms relating to procedural rules. These would include norms such as those requiring prior environmental impact assessment, the duty to warn or notify others, the duty to mitigate and assist in emergencies, as well as access to information. The emergence of the Precautionary Principle has permanently changed the face of international environmental law and policy. The challenge of implementing the Precautionary Principle while retaining the strength of its original vision is still posing difficult questions before the policy makers. Nevertheless it is well established that Precautionary Principle is an important principle of international environmental law and is gaining strength day by day. Besides being part of several international treaties and declarations the principle has been given place in the body of the national law of many countries. India has recognised and adopted the Precautionary Principle being party to many international declarations and conventions. The EIA notification of the Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests established the principle as part and parcel of the legal framework in India. Many pronouncements of the Supreme Court of India, to begin with the Vellore case, have strengthened and incorporated the international environmental law principle into the municipal law. The Apex Court in India has accepted the principle as part of the concept of sustainable development and has applied the principle several times in order to save environment and to give force to ratio of the judgment. We may therefore, draw inference that the Precautionary Principle has got a status of well recognised legal principle in India. Analysis of the Precautionary Principle Analysis of the Precautionary Principle Introduction The planet earth is presently being dominated by the human species. It is the wish and whim of the human beings that decides the fate of other life forms on the planet. The existence of life on earth, as we all know, presupposes balanced ecosystem and congenial environment. Though the human beings have established their superiority over other living creature they themselves are biologically very sensitive to the environmental changes and any minor deviation in the ecosystem is bound to affect them adversely. Human beings, having the basic animal instinct to protect themselves from the potential threats, have realised that their life is full of difficulties and risks. The urge to deal with the life threatening risks that they face has formed the basic condition of their survival. Owing to this the human race is constantly making sincere endeavour to make life more comfortable by minimising all possible threats to life. The advances in the field of science and technology have blessed us with many gadgets and devices that not only ease some hardship of life but are capable of avoiding or diminishing some most threatening risks of nature. There cannot be two views regarding beneficial effects of technological and scientific developments – the life expectancy has gone up significantly in recent years and the quality and comfort of life is scaling new height day-by-day, many deceases and hardships of human life now belong to history. Today the ability of human beings, to transform the natural characteristics of the earth, has reached a level that is not only alarming but dangerous too. We must consider the fact that man has acquired this enormous power to alter the ecological balance on this planet only within a century, thus giving rise to genuine doubt how long the nature will be able to tolerate the excessive interference resulting out of human activities? The population of human beings has increased at an unprecedented pace in recent past causing undue pressures on the limited natural resources. Some of these resources are depleting at an alarming rate and is reason for worry as they have been created by the natural process over millions of years. One example could be depletion of the natural non-renewable energy resources like coal, petroleum etc. One must bear in mind that mother earth treats all its children alike and therefore, it will not be justified to deprive the present and future generations of the nature’s bounties. â€Å" 1 † All living species have an inborn instinct to insure their progeny and to make provision for the welfare of their descendants. It is expected, therefore, that Homo sapiens will take the leading role in saving the earth for their future generations. Earlier, environmental policies at the national as well as international level were based on the concept that nature has capacity to absorb the ill effects of pollution and environmental degradation to a certain extent but, once the shock bearing threshold is breached, the pollution and environmental degradation may cause damage to the environment calling for remedial efforts. This is known as the concept of ‘assimilative capacity’ of nature. This concept is based upon the notion that nature has self curative mechanism and needs no intervention unless the pollution and imbalance caused by human activities breaches the permissible level. If we adhere to this concept, the role of environmental protection agencies will begin only when this upper limit of damage bearing capacity of the environment is breached. In the quest for developing, faster then fastest, many nations have ignored this threshold limit of the environment while harnessing their natural resources, building industries, big dams and townships without making provisions for adequate compensation for the erosion and damage caused to the environment. In such a scenario, one cannot depend solely upon the earth’s self purifying and self curative capacities. Especially when, the earth is loaded with nuclear and toxic waste; forest cover is depleting faster than ever; global warming has started showing ill effects; the virgin peaks of Mount Everest and the uninhabited lands of North and South poles have become littered by man; water pollution in rivers and seas is destroying the life of aquatic creature; acid rain and smog has become more rampant, an effective proactive strategy coupled with effective measures to check further degradation of the environment is the cry of the day. Such strategy and measures assume greater importance in those cases where the adverse impact of any activity upon the environment cannot be ascertained and predicted with certainty. Should precaution be taken anticipating harmful impact on environment and thereby halt the developmental activities or leave it to the nature to repair the damage using its limited assimilative capacity is the question to be answered. The precautionary principle guides us in such tricky situations. Since 1970s, the precautionary principle has become the underlined rationale for a number of international environmental treaties and declarations. It is evident that international community has shifted from the ‘principle of assimilative capacity’ to the ‘precautionary principle’ ratifying the old saying that precaution is better than cure. Origin of the Principle It is difficult to identify with certainty the origin of the principle. â€Å"The precautionary concept found its way into international law and policy as a result of German proposals made to the International North Sea Ministerial Conferences†. In Germany the precautionary principle had its beginnings in the principle of Vorsorge, or foresight. At the centre of early notions of this principle was the understanding that society should endeavour to avoid environmental damage by careful planning in advance, blocking the harmful activities having the potential to adversely affect the environment. Eventually â€Å"the Vorsorgeprinzip (precautionary principle) developed in the early 1970s into a fundamental principle of German environmental law and has been invoked to justify the implementation of vigorous policies to tackle acid rain, global warming, and North Sea pollution. It has also led to the development of a strong environmental industry in that country†. The concept was first enunciated by the German Federal Government in 1976 using the following words:- Environmental policy is not fully accomplished by warding off imminent hazards and the elimination of damage, which has occurred. Precautionary environmental policy requires further more that natural resources are protected and demands on them made with care. Subsequently the precautionary principle was invoked in the year 1984 at the First International Conference on Protection of the North Sea. Following this conference, the principle has been integrated into numerous international conventions and agreements. The North Sea Treaties (Bremen, 1984; London, 1987; Hague 1990; Esbjerg, 1995) are some of the early examples of international treaties where the precautionary principle has had a very prominent position. III. Meaning and Nature The precautionary principle aims to provide guidance in the development and framing of policies where there is scientific uncertainty. It continues to generate disagreement as to its meaning, ambit and objectives, as reflected in the views of scholars and international judicial practice. â€Å"On the one hand, some consider that it provides the basis for early international legal action to address highly threatening environmental issues. On the other hand, its opponents have decried the potential which the principle has for over regulation and limiting human activity. The core of the principle is still evolving†. The scope of the precautionary principle goes beyond the problems associated with a short or medium term approach to environmental risks. It encompasses the concern of longer run as well and ensures well-being of future generations. A decision to take measures without waiting until all the necessary scientific knowledge is available is a precautionary approach. In its most elementary form, the precautionary principle is a strategy to cope with scientific uncertainties in the assessment and management of risks. It is about the wisdom of action under uncertainty. â€Å"The precautionary principle is often seen as an integral principle of sustainable development that is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the abilities of future generations to meet their needs. By safeguarding against natural resource base that might jeopardize the capacity of future generations to provide for their own needs, it builds on ethical notions of intra-and inter-generational equity†. The formulation of the precautionary principle in precisely and clearly expressed form, at the international level, can be found in the London Declaration of the Second International North Sea Conference. The Declaration states- .. In order to protect the North Sea from possibly damaging effects of the most dangerous substance, a precautionary approach is necessary which may require action to control inputs of such substances even before a casual link has been established by absolute clear scientific evidence. The Rio Declaration, 1992 ensured the global attention towards the precautionary principle by stating – In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by states according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to protect environmental degradation. The convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 and the Convention on Climate Change, 1992 of the Rio-Conference echo the same spirit of precaution – â€Å"lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures†. Hence, lack of scientific certainty is no reason to postpone action to avoid potentially serious or irreversible harm to the environment. At the basis of the precautionary principle is the element of anticipation, reflecting a requirement of effective environmental measures based upon actions which forms a long-term strategy. The wingspread statement on the precautionary principle has summarised four components of the principle that should guide its implementation – Action to prevent harm despite uncertainty. Shifting the burden of proof of proponents of a potentially harmful activity. Examination of a full range of alternatives to potentially harmful activities, including no action. Democratic decision making to ensure, inclusion of those affected. The communication from the European Communities (EU) on the precautionary principle demands the applicability of the principle and explains its scope in the following words:- Although the precautionary principle is not explicitly mentioned in the Treaty except in the environmental field, its scope, is far wider and covers those specific circumstances where scientific evidence is insufficient, inconclusive, or uncertain and there are indications through preliminary objective scientific evaluation that there are reasonable grounds for concern that the potentially dangerous effects on the environment, human, animal or plant health may be inconsistent with the chosen level of protection. It is clear from the aforesaid formulations of the principle that there is no uniform acceptable principle of precaution. London Declaration, 1987 uses qualifying language such as ‘may require action’ and ‘before†¦ absolutely clear†¦. Evidence’. Rio Declaration, 1992 also includes qualifying language such as ‘according to their capabilities’ and ‘†¦postponing cost-effective measures’. EU communication 2000 requires intervention to maintain the high level of protection chosen by the EU. â€Å"The triple negative notion is the definition in the Rio Declaration; the absence of rigorous proof of danger does not justify inaction is rather weak: it forces the consideration of precautionary intervention but does not require such intervention. The definition in the EU communication on the other hand does require intervention to maintain the high level of protection chosen by the EU†. Despite of the fact that various formulations of the precautionary principle have used different words one can easily draw several common points as key elements of the principle. The common understanding of contents of the principle may be summarised as under:- Precautionary principle is applicable in cases where scientific uncertainties exist about the harm that is likely to be suffered in future. Some form of scientific analysis of the potential threat is mandatory as mere speculation is not enough to trigger the principle. Unqualified possibility is sufficient enough to consider the application of the principle. Application of the principle is limited to those hazards that are unacceptable. The principle requires interventions before possible harm occurs. Interventions should be proportional to the chosen level of protection and the magnitude of possible harm. V. Precautionary Principle and International Law There can not be slightest of doubts regarding recognition and existence of the precautionary principle in the fields of contemporary national and international laws. Its outlines, however, are far from clear from a legal point of view. Essentially, the precautionary principle is an appeal to prudence addressed to policy makers. The principle does not offer a predetermined solution to every new problem raised by scientific uncertainty. On the contrary, the precautionary principle is a guiding principle that provides helpful criteria for determining the most reasonable course of action in confronting situations of potential environmental risk. Whether precautionary principle is a legally binding principle in customary international law and national law rather than a guiding principle only is a difficult question to answer. It is generally understood that declarations of principles are not traditional sources of international law and therefore, not binding for the member states of the organisation that adopted them. Such international texts do not have the same legal force as international treaties and conventions. Strictly speaking, declarations of principles are nothing more than ‘recommendations’, without binding force. Despite of this fact one cannot undermine the legal relevance of such declarations. Even though they are not considered as sources of international law, they are legitimately capable of generating norms. Declaration of principles, though not binding, can influence the elaboration, interpretation and application of international laws of member states of the international organisations that conceived or endorsed the declarations. One cannot underestimate the influence that general principles exert on legal formulation, be it in the international context or in the internal legislation and jurisprudence of countries. In spite of not being obligatory and binding, principles of law constitute important tools for the crystallization of new concepts and values. Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice provides that the International Court of Justice, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply amongst other the ‘general principles of law recognised by civilised nations’. Thus, the general principles of law are also sources of international law. Therefore, it seems incontestable that among the principles emanating from international declarations, the Precautionary Principle is legally relevant and cannot be disregarded, either by the countries in the international order, or by legislators, policy makers and courts in the domestic sphere. From the moment when the Precautionary Principle is recognised as an element of international law, it also becomes part of the general principles of environmental law, with undisputed legitimacy in guiding the interpretation and application of all legal norms in force. â€Å"The Precautionary Principle is frequently introduced in framework conventions. Although this strategy is widely used in international environmental law, it is merely a first step in elaborating more precise rules at the international level fleshing out that principle. Furthermore, in a number of international agreements, the Precautionary Principle† worded in such a way that it is deprived of immediate and autonomous applicability. Use of terms such as ‘form a basis for’, ‘in spite’, ‘endeavour’, etc. imply that the principle is merely intended to prepare states to implement their international obligations. Only the repeated use of state practice and consistent opinio juris are likely to transform precaution into a customary norm†. The Principle of precaution has found only limited judicial support so far in international law, this despite many commentators arguing that it has reached the status of a principles of customary international law. In the case of New Zealand v. France, the right of France to carryout nuclear tests in the South Pacific was challenged. The opinion of Weeramantry, J. in this case suggests that the Precautionary Principle is ‘gaining increasing support as part of the international law of the environment’. The principle should be used where there is insufficient material before the court to justify action, even if this means acting ahead of ‘full scientific evidence’. This opinion, however, was a dissent, and it is worth comparing a more, recent example where the Precautionary Principle has featured in international trade disputes. The US and Canada brought a dispute settlement case before the World Trade Organisation (WTO) against the EC, which in 1989 had banned the import of beef fed with growth hormones on the grounds that it was not safe for human health to eat such meat. The EC argued that its import ban was justified in the light of the Precautionary Principle, which is presented as a binding rule of international law. The USA and Canada denied that the principle already had such a status. The WTO found that the EC import ban violated WTO law, although the EC has continued to impose its ban and has been forced by the WTO to compensate Canada and the US for lost trade. VI. Status in India In India there are lots of environmental regulations, but most environmental regulations, like the Water (Protection and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 are aimed at cleaning up pollution and controlling the amounts of it release into the environment. They regulate the harmful substances as they are emitted rather than limiting their use or production in the first place. These laws are based on the assumption that humans and ecosystems can absorb a certain amount of contamination without being harmed. But the past experience shows that it is very difficult to know what levels of contamination, if any, are safe and therefore, it is better to err on the side of caution while dealing with the environment. The Indian Supreme Court has accepted in Vellore case that the Precautionary Principle is part of the environmental law of the country. The Court explained the ‘Precautionary Principle† in the context of the municipal law as under:- Environmental measures – by the State Government and statutory authorities – must anticipate, prevent and attach the causes of environmental degradation. Where there are threats of serious and irreversible damage, lack of scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environment degradation. The ‘onus of proof’ is on the actor or the developer/industrialist to show that his action is environmentally benign. In Taj case the Supreme Court was dealing with the problem of protecting the ‘Taj Mahal’ from the pollution of nearby industries. The Court applied the ‘Precautionary Principle’ as explained by it in Vellore Case and observed- [T]he environmental measures must anticipate, prevent and attack the causes of environmental degradation. The ‘onus of proof’ is on an industry to show that its operation with the aid of coke/coal is environmentally benign. It is rather, proved beyond doubt that the emissions generated by the use of coke/coal by the industries in TTZ are the main polluters of the ambient air. The Court ordered the industries to change-over to the natural gas as an industrial-fuel or stop functioning with the aid of coke/coal in the Taj trapezium and relocate themselves as per the direction of the Court. The ‘Precautionary Principle’ has been invoked by the Supreme Court in various cases while deciding environmental issues. In Calcutta tanneries Case the Court ordered the polluting tanneries operating in the city of Calcutta (about 550 in number) to relocate themselves from their present location and shift to the new leather complex set up by the West Bengal Government. In Badkhal Surajkund Lakes Cases the Supreme Court held that the ‘Precautionary Principle’ made it mandatory for the State Government to anticipate, prevent and attack the causes of environment degradation. The Court had no hesitation in holding that in order to protect the two lakes from environmental degradation it was necessary to limit the construction activity in the close v icinity of the lakes. Even though the Vellore judgment was followed in the subsequent decision of the Supreme Court, the Court felt the need to explain the meaning of the Precautionary Principle in more detail and lucid manner so that Courts and tribunals or environmental authorities can properly apply the said principle in the matters which might come before them. In A.P. Pollution Control Board v. Prof. M.V. Nayudu, tracing the evolution of precautionary principle the Court observed – Earlier, the concept was based on the ‘assimilative capacity’ rule as revealed from Principle 6 of the Stockholm Declaration of the U.N. Conference on Human Environment, 1972. The said principle assumed that science could provide policy-makers with the information and means necessary to avoid encroaching upon the capacity of the environmental harm was presumed that relevant technical expertise would be available when environmental harm was predicted and there would be sufficient time to act in order to avoid such harm. But in the 11th Principle of the U.N. General Assembly Resolution on World Charter for Nature, 1982, the emphasis shifted to the ‘Precautionary Principle’, and this was reiterated in the Rio Conference of 1992 in its Principle 15. Explaining the cause for the emergence of ‘Precautionary Principle’ the Court referred Charmian Barton, who argued â€Å" it makes sense to err on the side of caution and prevent activities that may cause serious or irreversible harm†. The Court opined that the inadequacies of science was the real basis that had led to the Precautionary Principle. It was based on the theory that it is better to err on the side of caution and prevent environmental harm which may indeed become irreversible. The principle of precaution involved the anticipation of environmental harm and taking measures to avoid it or to choose the least environmentally harmful activity. The Court adopted the view that ‘Environmental Protection should not only aim at protecting health, property and economic interest but also protect the environment for its own sake. Precautionary duties must not only be triggered by the suspicion of concrete danger but also by justified concern or risk potential†. The concept of burden of proof in environmental cases recognised in Vellore Case that ‘the onus of proof’ is on the actor or the developer/industrialist to show that his action is environmentally benign†, was further elaborated by the Supreme Court in the Nayudu case, M. Jagannadha Rao, J. noticed, while the inadequacies of science had led to the ‘Precautionary Principle’, the said principle in its turn led to the special principle of burden of proof in environmental cases where burden as to the absence of injurious effect of the actions proposed, was placed on those who wanted to change the status quo. This is often termed as a reversal of burden of proof, because otherwise, those opposing the change would be compelled to shoulder the evidentiary burden, a procedure which is not fair. Therefore, the Court observed, â€Å"it is necessary that the party who wants to alter it, must bear this burden†. The Supreme Court favours the view that if the environmental risks being run by regulatory inaction are in some way ‘uncertain but non-negligible’, then regulatory action is justified. According to the Court- In such a situation, the burden of proof is to be placed on those attempting to alter the status quo. They are to discharge this burden by showing the absence of a ‘reasonable ecological or medical concern’. That is the required standard of proof. The result would be that if insufficient evidence is presented by them to alleviate concern about the level of uncertainty, then the presumption should operate in favour of environmental protection. In Narmadda Bachao Andolan v. Union of India, the Supreme Court decided the issues relating to construction of dam on Narmada river which was a part of the Sardar Sarovar Project. Explaining the new concept of burden of proof the Court held that the ‘Precautionary Principle’ and the corresponding burden of proof on the person who wants to change the status quo will ordinarily apply in a case of polluting or other project or industry where the extent of damage likely to be inflicted is unknown. Where the effect on ecology of environment of setting up of an industry is known, the Court held- What has to be seen is that if the environment is likely to suffer, then what mitigative steps can be taken to off set the same. Merely because there will be a change is no reason to presume that there will be ecological disaster. It is when the effect of the project is known then the principle of sustainable development would come into play which will ensure that mitigative steps are and can be taken to preserve the ecological balance. The Court concluded, what was the impact on environment with the construction of a dam was well known in India, the dam was neither a nuclear establishment nor a polluting industry, therefore, the decision in A.P. Pollution Control Board’s Case would have no application in this case. Despite of the fact that the Court refused to apply ‘Precautionary Principle’ in this case as the impact on environment was known as could have been mitigated, in subsequent decisions of the Supreme Court one may find strict adherence to the Precautionary Principle and the new concept of onus of proof. To give effect to the Precautionary Principle, Government of India, published a Notification, which states that â€Å"the expansion or modernization of any existing industry or new projects listed in schedule I or Schedule II shall not be undertaken in any part of India, unless it has been accorded environmental clearance by the Central Government, or as the case may be, the State Government concerned in accordance with the procedure hereinafter specified in this notification†. The notification tries to achieve the objective that certain development projects should be carried on within the carrying capacity of the ecosystems, which will otherwise come under stress, so as to ensure that developmental activity takes place in harmony with the environment. This is possible only by careful assessment of a project proposed to be located in any area, on the basis of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of each project and the necessary Environment Management plan for the prevention, elimination or mitigation of the adverse impact on the environment, right from the very inception of the project. VII. Conclusion The Precautionary Principle, being a principle does not set forth absolute obligations. It simply establishes a policy for implementation by other regulatory means. Its relevance, however, would be in the development of a cluster of norms relating to procedural rules. These would include norms such as those requiring prior environmental impact assessment, the duty to warn or notify others, the duty to mitigate and assist in emergencies, as well as access to information. The emergence of the Precautionary Principle has permanently changed the face of international environmental law and policy. The challenge of implementing the Precautionary Principle while retaining the strength of its original vision is still posing difficult questions before the policy makers. Nevertheless it is well established that Precautionary Principle is an important principle of international environmental law and is gaining strength day by day. Besides being part of several international treaties and declarations the principle has been given place in the body of the national law of many countries. India has recognised and adopted the Precautionary Principle being party to many international declarations and conventions. The EIA notification of the Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests established the principle as part and parcel of the legal framework in India. Many pronouncements of the Supreme Court of India, to begin with the Vellore case, have strengthened and incorporated the international environmental law principle into the municipal law. The Apex Court in India has accepted the principle as part of the concept of sustainable development and has applied the principle several times in order to save environment and to give force to ratio of the judgment. We may therefore, draw inference that the Precautionary Principle has got a status of well recognised legal principle in India.